General Properties, Occurrence, and Preparation
1.2
59
Abstract
D-Glucose and its derivatives and analogues, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-muramic
acid, D-glucopyranosyl uronic acid, and D-glucitol represent 99.9% of the carbohydrates on the
earth. D-Glucose is found in the free state in human blood and in the combined state in disaccharides, sucrose, lactose, and α,α-trehalose, in cyclic dextrins, and in polysaccharides, starch,
glycogen, cellulose, dextrans; N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and an analogue N-acetyl-D-muramic
acid are found in bacterial cell wall polysaccharide, murein, along with teichoic acids made up
of poly-glycerol or -ribitol phosphodiesters. Other carbohydrates, D-mannose, D-mannuronic
acid, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-galacturonic acid, L-iduronic acid, L-guluronic acid, L-rhamnose, L-fucose, D-xylose, and N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid are found in glycoproteins, hemicelluloses, glycosaminoglycans, and polysaccharides of plant exudates, bacterial capsules, alginates, and heparin. D-Ribofuranose-5-phosphate is found in many coenzymes
and is the backbone of RNAs (ribonucleic acid), and 2-deoxy-D-ribofuranose-5-phosphate is
the backbone of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). D-Fructofuranose is found in sucrose, inulin,
and levan. The general properties and occurrence of these carbohydrates and general methods
of isolation and preparation of carbohydrates are presented.
Keywords
D-Glucose; D-Fructose; Sucrose; Lactose; α,α-Trehalose; Starch; Glycogen; Cyclodextrins;
Dextrans; Alternan
Abbreviations
ADPGlc
adenosine-diphospho-glucose
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
CGTase
cyclomaltodextrin glucanyltransferase
d.s.
degree of substitution
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
FACE
fluorophore-assisted capillary electrophoresis
FAD
oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide
HPLC
high pressure liquid chromatography
MALDI-TOF MS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry
NAD +
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADH
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
ORD
optical rotatory dispersion
RNA
ribonucleic acid
NADPH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-phosphate
NAG
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
NAM
N-acetyl-D-muramic acid
TLC
thin-layer chromatography
TFMS
trifluoromethane sulfonic acid
UDPGlc
uridine-diphospho-glucose
1.2
59
Abstract
D-Glucose and its derivatives and analogues, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-muramic
acid, D-glucopyranosyl uronic acid, and D-glucitol represent 99.9% of the carbohydrates on the
earth. D-Glucose is found in the free state in human blood and in the combined state in disaccharides, sucrose, lactose, and α,α-trehalose, in cyclic dextrins, and in polysaccharides, starch,
glycogen, cellulose, dextrans; N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and an analogue N-acetyl-D-muramic
acid are found in bacterial cell wall polysaccharide, murein, along with teichoic acids made up
of poly-glycerol or -ribitol phosphodiesters. Other carbohydrates, D-mannose, D-mannuronic
acid, D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-galacturonic acid, L-iduronic acid, L-guluronic acid, L-rhamnose, L-fucose, D-xylose, and N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid are found in glycoproteins, hemicelluloses, glycosaminoglycans, and polysaccharides of plant exudates, bacterial capsules, alginates, and heparin. D-Ribofuranose-5-phosphate is found in many coenzymes
and is the backbone of RNAs (ribonucleic acid), and 2-deoxy-D-ribofuranose-5-phosphate is
the backbone of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). D-Fructofuranose is found in sucrose, inulin,
and levan. The general properties and occurrence of these carbohydrates and general methods
of isolation and preparation of carbohydrates are presented.
Keywords
D-Glucose; D-Fructose; Sucrose; Lactose; α,α-Trehalose; Starch; Glycogen; Cyclodextrins;
Dextrans; Alternan
Abbreviations
ADPGlc
adenosine-diphospho-glucose
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
CGTase
cyclomaltodextrin glucanyltransferase
d.s.
degree of substitution
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
FACE
fluorophore-assisted capillary electrophoresis
FAD
oxidized flavin adenine dinucleotide
HPLC
high pressure liquid chromatography
MALDI-TOF MS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry
NAD +
oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADH
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH
reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
ORD
optical rotatory dispersion
RNA
ribonucleic acid
NADPH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-phosphate
NAG
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
NAM
N-acetyl-D-muramic acid
TLC
thin-layer chromatography
TFMS
trifluoromethane sulfonic acid
UDPGlc
uridine-diphospho-glucose