240
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
McDonald, B.I. and D.E. Crocker. 2006. Physiology and behavior influence lactation efficiency
in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
79 (3):484–496.
McDonald, B.I., M.E. Goebel, D.E. Crocker, and D.P. Costa. 2012. Biological and environmental drivers of energy allocation in a dependent mammal, the Antarctic fur seal pup. Physiological and
Biochemical Zoology 85 (2):134–147.
Monson, D.H., J.A. Estes, J.L. Bodkin, and D.B. Siniff. 2000. Life history plasticity and population
regulation in sea otters. Oikos 90 (3):457–468.
Noren, D.P., D.E. Crocker, T.M. Williams, and D.P. Costa. 2003. Energy reserve utilization in northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups during the postweaning fast: size does matter.
Journal of Comparative Physiology B 173:443–454.
Oftedal, O.T. 1997. Lactation in whales and dolphins: Evidence of divergence between baleen- and
toothed-species. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 2 (3):205–230.
Oftedal, O.T. and S.J. Iverson. 1987. Hydrogen isotope methodology for measurement of milk intake
and energetics of growth in suckling young. In Approaches to Marine Mammal Energetics, eds.
A.C. Huntley, D.P. Costa, G.A.J. Worthy, and M.A. Castellini. Society for Marine Mammalogy,
Lawrence, KS.
Oftedal, O.T. and S.J. Iverson. 1995. Comparative analysis of nonhuman milks. A. Phylogenetic
variation in the gross composition of milks. In Handbook of Milk Composition, ed. R.G. Jensen.
Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 749–789.
Polischuk, S.C., K.A. Hobson, and M.A. Ramsay. 2001. Use of stable-carbon and-nitrogen isotopes to
assess weaning and fasting in female polar bears and their cubs. Canadian Journal of Zoology
79 (3):499–511.
Reich, C.M. and J.P.Y. Arnould. 2007. Evolution of Pinnipedia lactation strategies: A potential role for
α-lactalbumin? Biology Letters 3 (5):546–549.
Schreer, J.F., J.L. Lapierre, and M.O. Hammill. 2010. Stomach temperature telemetry reveals that harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups primarily nurse in the water. Aquatic Mammals 36 (3):270.
Schulz, T.M. and W.D. Bowen. 2004. Pinniped lactation strategies: Evaluation of data on maternal
and offspring life history traits. Marine Mammal Science 20(1):86–114.
Sharp, J.A., C. Lefèvre, and K.R. Nicholas. 2008. Lack of functional alpha-lactalbumin prevents involution in Cape fur seals and identifies the protein as an apoptotic milk factor in mammary
gland involution. BMC Biology 6 (1):48.
Sharp, J.A., C. Lefevre, A.J. Brennan, and K.R. Nicholas. 2007. The fur seal—A model lactation phenotype to explore molecular factors involved in the initiation of apoptosis at involution. Journal
of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 12 (1):47–58.
Speakman, J. 1997. The Doubly Labeled Water Method. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Strandberg, U., A. Käkelä, C. Lydersen et al. 2008. Stratification, composition, and function of marine
mammal blubber: The ecology of fatty acids in marine mammals. Physiological and Biochemical
Zoology 81 (4):473–485.
Thiemann, G.W., S.J. Iverson, and I. Stirling. 2006. Seasonal, sexual and anatomical variability in the
adipose tissue of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Journal of Zoology 269 (1):65–76.
Thometz, N.M., M.T. Tinker, M.M. Staedler, K.A. Mayer, and T.M. Williams. 2014. Energetic
demands of immature sea otters from birth to weaning: Implications for maternal costs,
reproductive behavior and population-level trends. Journal of Experimental Biology 217
(12):2053–2061.
Tift, M.S. E.L. Ranalli, D.S. Houser, R.M. Ortiz, and D.E. Crocker. 2013. Development enhances
hypometabolism in northern elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris). Functional Ecology
27:1155–1165.
Tinker, T.M., G. Bentall, and J.A. Estes. 2008. Food limitation leads to behavioral diversification and
dietary specialization in sea otters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (2):560–565.
Trivers, R.L. 1974. Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist 14 (1):249–264.
Trumble, S.J., S.R. Noren, L.A. Cornick, T.J. Hawke, and S.B. Kanatous. 2010. Age-related differences
in skeletal muscle lipid profiles of Weddell seals: Clues to developmental changes. Journal of
Experimental Biology 213 (10):1676–1684.
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
McDonald, B.I. and D.E. Crocker. 2006. Physiology and behavior influence lactation efficiency
in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
79 (3):484–496.
McDonald, B.I., M.E. Goebel, D.E. Crocker, and D.P. Costa. 2012. Biological and environmental drivers of energy allocation in a dependent mammal, the Antarctic fur seal pup. Physiological and
Biochemical Zoology 85 (2):134–147.
Monson, D.H., J.A. Estes, J.L. Bodkin, and D.B. Siniff. 2000. Life history plasticity and population
regulation in sea otters. Oikos 90 (3):457–468.
Noren, D.P., D.E. Crocker, T.M. Williams, and D.P. Costa. 2003. Energy reserve utilization in northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups during the postweaning fast: size does matter.
Journal of Comparative Physiology B 173:443–454.
Oftedal, O.T. 1997. Lactation in whales and dolphins: Evidence of divergence between baleen- and
toothed-species. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 2 (3):205–230.
Oftedal, O.T. and S.J. Iverson. 1987. Hydrogen isotope methodology for measurement of milk intake
and energetics of growth in suckling young. In Approaches to Marine Mammal Energetics, eds.
A.C. Huntley, D.P. Costa, G.A.J. Worthy, and M.A. Castellini. Society for Marine Mammalogy,
Lawrence, KS.
Oftedal, O.T. and S.J. Iverson. 1995. Comparative analysis of nonhuman milks. A. Phylogenetic
variation in the gross composition of milks. In Handbook of Milk Composition, ed. R.G. Jensen.
Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 749–789.
Polischuk, S.C., K.A. Hobson, and M.A. Ramsay. 2001. Use of stable-carbon and-nitrogen isotopes to
assess weaning and fasting in female polar bears and their cubs. Canadian Journal of Zoology
79 (3):499–511.
Reich, C.M. and J.P.Y. Arnould. 2007. Evolution of Pinnipedia lactation strategies: A potential role for
α-lactalbumin? Biology Letters 3 (5):546–549.
Schreer, J.F., J.L. Lapierre, and M.O. Hammill. 2010. Stomach temperature telemetry reveals that harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) pups primarily nurse in the water. Aquatic Mammals 36 (3):270.
Schulz, T.M. and W.D. Bowen. 2004. Pinniped lactation strategies: Evaluation of data on maternal
and offspring life history traits. Marine Mammal Science 20(1):86–114.
Sharp, J.A., C. Lefèvre, and K.R. Nicholas. 2008. Lack of functional alpha-lactalbumin prevents involution in Cape fur seals and identifies the protein as an apoptotic milk factor in mammary
gland involution. BMC Biology 6 (1):48.
Sharp, J.A., C. Lefevre, A.J. Brennan, and K.R. Nicholas. 2007. The fur seal—A model lactation phenotype to explore molecular factors involved in the initiation of apoptosis at involution. Journal
of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 12 (1):47–58.
Speakman, J. 1997. The Doubly Labeled Water Method. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Strandberg, U., A. Käkelä, C. Lydersen et al. 2008. Stratification, composition, and function of marine
mammal blubber: The ecology of fatty acids in marine mammals. Physiological and Biochemical
Zoology 81 (4):473–485.
Thiemann, G.W., S.J. Iverson, and I. Stirling. 2006. Seasonal, sexual and anatomical variability in the
adipose tissue of polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Journal of Zoology 269 (1):65–76.
Thometz, N.M., M.T. Tinker, M.M. Staedler, K.A. Mayer, and T.M. Williams. 2014. Energetic
demands of immature sea otters from birth to weaning: Implications for maternal costs,
reproductive behavior and population-level trends. Journal of Experimental Biology 217
(12):2053–2061.
Tift, M.S. E.L. Ranalli, D.S. Houser, R.M. Ortiz, and D.E. Crocker. 2013. Development enhances
hypometabolism in northern elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris). Functional Ecology
27:1155–1165.
Tinker, T.M., G. Bentall, and J.A. Estes. 2008. Food limitation leads to behavioral diversification and
dietary specialization in sea otters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (2):560–565.
Trivers, R.L. 1974. Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist 14 (1):249–264.
Trumble, S.J., S.R. Noren, L.A. Cornick, T.J. Hawke, and S.B. Kanatous. 2010. Age-related differences
in skeletal muscle lipid profiles of Weddell seals: Clues to developmental changes. Journal of
Experimental Biology 213 (10):1676–1684.