238
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
Precocial: A young animal born in a more developed state with increased mobility and
reduced need for parental care compared to altricial young.
Reproductive effort: The proportion of resources or energy that an organism expends on
reproduction. Pinnipeds have become important experimental systems for measuring reproductive effort in wildlife biology.
Scaling exponent: The exponent of a power function that describes the relationship
between two log transformed variables. Many physiological and behavioral variables in biology exhibit power functions with body size across species.
Truncated cones method: A method that combines morphometric measurements and
ultrasound measures of blubber depth to model the blubber proportions of an
animal. This method has been validated for use in many species of phocid seals.
Weaning conflict: The period where the offspring and parent are in conflict about the
level of continued parental investment. Offspring may be selected to seek more
resources from parents than that which maximizes their ability to invest in future
reproduction.
References
Arnould, J.P.Y. and M.A. Ramsay. 1994. Milk production and milk consumption in polar bears during the ice-free period in western Hudson Bay. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:1365–1370.
Atkinson, S.N., R.A. Nelson, and M.A. Ramsay. 1996. Changes in the body composition of fasting
polar bears (Ursus maritimus): The effect of relative fatness on protein conservation. Physiological
Zoology 69 (2):304–316.
Atkinson, S.N. and M.A. Ramsay. 1995. The effects of prolonged fasting of the body composition and reproductive success of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Functional Ecology
9:559–567.
Bowen, W.D., S.L. Ellis, S.J. Iverson, and D.J. Boness. 2001. Maternal effects on offspring growth rate
and weaning mass in harbour seals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79 (6):1088–1101.
Bowen, W.D. and S.J. Iverson. 1998. Estimation of total body water in pinnipeds using hydrogen‐isotope dilution. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 71 (3):329–332.
Burns, J.M., C.A. Clark, and J.P. Richmond. 2004. The impact of lactation strategy on physiological
development of juvenile marine mammals: Implications for the transition to independent foraging. International Congress Series 1275:341–350.
Champagne, C.D., S.M. Boaz, M.A. Fowler, D.S. Houser, D.P. Costa, and D.E. Crocker. 2013. A profile
of carbohydrate metabolites in the fasting northern elephant seal. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 8 (2):141–151.
Champagne, C.D., D.E. Crocker, M.A. Fowler, and D.S. Houser. 2012. Fasting physiology of the pinnipeds: The challenges of fasting while maintaining high energy expenditure and nutrient
delivery for lactation. In Comparative Physiology of Fasting, Starvation, and Food Limitation, ed.
M.D. McCue. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
Champagne, C.D., D.S. Houser, and D.E. Crocker. 2006. Glucose metabolism during lactation in a
fasting animal, the northern elephant seal. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative
and Comparative Physiology 291 (4):R1129–R1137.
Costa, D.P. 1987. Isotopic methods for quantifying material and energy intake of free-ranging
marine mammals. In Approaches to Marine Mammal Energetics, eds. A.C. Huntley, D.P. Costa,
G.A.J. Worthy, and M.A. Castellini. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Lawrence, KS.
Costa, D.P. 1991. Reproductive and foraging energetics of pinnipeds: Implications for life history
patterns. In The Behavior of Pinnipeds, ed. D. Renouf. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Costa, D.P. 2009. Energetics 2009. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, eds. W.F. Perrin, B. Wursig, and
J.G.M Thewissen. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Costa, D.P. and G.L. Kooyman. 1982. Oxygen consumption, thermoregulation, and the effect
of fur oiling and washing on the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Canadian Journal of Zoology
60 (11):2761–2767.
Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living
Precocial: A young animal born in a more developed state with increased mobility and
reduced need for parental care compared to altricial young.
Reproductive effort: The proportion of resources or energy that an organism expends on
reproduction. Pinnipeds have become important experimental systems for measuring reproductive effort in wildlife biology.
Scaling exponent: The exponent of a power function that describes the relationship
between two log transformed variables. Many physiological and behavioral variables in biology exhibit power functions with body size across species.
Truncated cones method: A method that combines morphometric measurements and
ultrasound measures of blubber depth to model the blubber proportions of an
animal. This method has been validated for use in many species of phocid seals.
Weaning conflict: The period where the offspring and parent are in conflict about the
level of continued parental investment. Offspring may be selected to seek more
resources from parents than that which maximizes their ability to invest in future
reproduction.
References
Arnould, J.P.Y. and M.A. Ramsay. 1994. Milk production and milk consumption in polar bears during the ice-free period in western Hudson Bay. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:1365–1370.
Atkinson, S.N., R.A. Nelson, and M.A. Ramsay. 1996. Changes in the body composition of fasting
polar bears (Ursus maritimus): The effect of relative fatness on protein conservation. Physiological
Zoology 69 (2):304–316.
Atkinson, S.N. and M.A. Ramsay. 1995. The effects of prolonged fasting of the body composition and reproductive success of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Functional Ecology
9:559–567.
Bowen, W.D., S.L. Ellis, S.J. Iverson, and D.J. Boness. 2001. Maternal effects on offspring growth rate
and weaning mass in harbour seals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79 (6):1088–1101.
Bowen, W.D. and S.J. Iverson. 1998. Estimation of total body water in pinnipeds using hydrogen‐isotope dilution. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 71 (3):329–332.
Burns, J.M., C.A. Clark, and J.P. Richmond. 2004. The impact of lactation strategy on physiological
development of juvenile marine mammals: Implications for the transition to independent foraging. International Congress Series 1275:341–350.
Champagne, C.D., S.M. Boaz, M.A. Fowler, D.S. Houser, D.P. Costa, and D.E. Crocker. 2013. A profile
of carbohydrate metabolites in the fasting northern elephant seal. Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics 8 (2):141–151.
Champagne, C.D., D.E. Crocker, M.A. Fowler, and D.S. Houser. 2012. Fasting physiology of the pinnipeds: The challenges of fasting while maintaining high energy expenditure and nutrient
delivery for lactation. In Comparative Physiology of Fasting, Starvation, and Food Limitation, ed.
M.D. McCue. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
Champagne, C.D., D.S. Houser, and D.E. Crocker. 2006. Glucose metabolism during lactation in a
fasting animal, the northern elephant seal. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative
and Comparative Physiology 291 (4):R1129–R1137.
Costa, D.P. 1987. Isotopic methods for quantifying material and energy intake of free-ranging
marine mammals. In Approaches to Marine Mammal Energetics, eds. A.C. Huntley, D.P. Costa,
G.A.J. Worthy, and M.A. Castellini. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Lawrence, KS.
Costa, D.P. 1991. Reproductive and foraging energetics of pinnipeds: Implications for life history
patterns. In The Behavior of Pinnipeds, ed. D. Renouf. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Costa, D.P. 2009. Energetics 2009. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, eds. W.F. Perrin, B. Wursig, and
J.G.M Thewissen. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Costa, D.P. and G.L. Kooyman. 1982. Oxygen consumption, thermoregulation, and the effect
of fur oiling and washing on the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Canadian Journal of Zoology
60 (11):2761–2767.