189
Chapter eight: Fasting
Kovacs, K.M. and D.M. Lavigne. 1985. Neonatal growth and organ allometry of northwest Atlantic
harp seals (Phoca groenlandica). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63(12):2793–2799.
LeBoeuf, B.J. 1974. The hectic life of the alpha bull: Elephant seal as fighter and lover. Psychology
Today 8(5):104–108.
Lieberman, M. and A.D. Marks. 2009. Marks’ Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach. Baltimore,
MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Lifson, N. and R. McClintock. 1966. Theory and use of the turnover rates of body water for measuring energy and material balance. Journal of Theoretical Biology 12(1):46–74.
Lunn, N.J., I.L. Boyd, T. Barton, and J.P. Croxall. 1993. Factors affecting the growth rate and
mass at weaning of Antarctic fur seals at Bird Island, South Georgia. Journal of Mammalogy
74(4):908–919.
Lydersen, C., K.M. Kovacs, and M.O. Hammill. 1997. Energetics during nursing and early postweaning fasting in hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) pups from the Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada.
Journal of Comparative Physiology B 167(2):81–88.
Markussen, N.H. 1995. Changes in metabolic rate and body composition during starvation and
semistarvation in harbour seals. In Developments in Marine Biology 4: Whales, Seals, Fish and
Man, eds. A.S. Blix, L. Walløe, and Ø. Ulltang. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
Markussen, N.H., M. Ryg, and N.A. Øritsland. 1992. Metabolic rate and body composition of
harbour seals, Phoca vitulina, during starvation and refeeding. Canadian Journal of Zoology
70(2):220–224.
McCue, M.D. 2010. Starvation physiology: Reviewing the different strategies animals use to survive
a common challenge. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 156(1):1–18.
Mehta, A.V., J.M. Allen, R. Constantine et al. 2007. Baleen whales are not important as prey for killer
whales Orcinus orca in high-latitude regions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 348:297–307.
Muelbert, M.M.C. and W.D. Bowen. 1993. Duration of lactation and postweaning changes in
mass and body composition of harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, pups. Canadian Journal of Zoology
71(7):1405–1414.
Nelson, R.A., G.E. Folk Jr., E.W. Pfeiffer, J.J. Craighead, C.J. Jonkel, and D.L. Steiger. 1983. Behavior,
biochemistry, and hibernation in black, grizzly, and polar bears. Bears: Their Biology and
Management 5:284–290.
Nordøy, E.S., A. Aakvaag, and T.S. Larsen. 1993. Metabolic adaptations to fasting in harp seal pups.
Physiological Zoology 66(6):926–945.
Nordøy, E.S. and A.S. Blix. 1985. Energy sources in fasting gray seal pups evaluated with computed
tomography. American Journal of Physiology 249(18):R471–R476.
Nordøy, E.S. and A.S. Blix. 1991. Glucose and ketone body turnover in fasting gray seal pups. Acta
Physiologica Scandinavica 141(4):565–571.
Nordøy, E.S., O.C. Ingebretsen, and A.S. Blix. 1990. Depressed metabolism and low protein catabolism in fasting gray seal pups. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 139(2):361–369.
Noren, D.P., D.E. Crocker, T.M. Williams, and D.P. Costa. 2003. Energy reserve utilization in northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups during the postweaning fast: Size does matter.
Journal of Comparative Physiology B 173(5):443–454.
Noren, D.P. and M. Mangel. 2004. Energy reserve allocation in fasting northern elephant seal pups:
Inter-relationships between body condition and fasting duration. Functional Ecology 18(2):233–242.
Øritsland, N.A. 1990. Starvation survival and body composition in mammals with particular reference to Homo sapiens. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 52(5):643–655.
Øritsland, N.A. and N.H. Markussen. 1990. Outline of a physiologically-based model for population
energetics. Ecological Modelling 52:267–286.
Øritsland, N.A., A.J. Pasche, N.H. Markussen, and K. Ronald. 1985. Weight loss and catabolic adaptations to starvation in gray seal pups. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 82(4):931–933.
Ortiz, R.M., D.S. Houser, C.E. Wade, and C.L. Ortiz. 2003. Hormonal changes associated with the
transition between nursing and natural fasting in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). General and Comparative Endocrinology 130(1):78–83.
Ortiz, R.M., B. Long, D. Casper, C.L. Ortiz, and T.M. Williams. 2010. Biochemical and hormonal
changes during acute fasting and re-feeding in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Marine
Mammal Science 26(2):409–419.
Chapter eight: Fasting
Kovacs, K.M. and D.M. Lavigne. 1985. Neonatal growth and organ allometry of northwest Atlantic
harp seals (Phoca groenlandica). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63(12):2793–2799.
LeBoeuf, B.J. 1974. The hectic life of the alpha bull: Elephant seal as fighter and lover. Psychology
Today 8(5):104–108.
Lieberman, M. and A.D. Marks. 2009. Marks’ Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach. Baltimore,
MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Lifson, N. and R. McClintock. 1966. Theory and use of the turnover rates of body water for measuring energy and material balance. Journal of Theoretical Biology 12(1):46–74.
Lunn, N.J., I.L. Boyd, T. Barton, and J.P. Croxall. 1993. Factors affecting the growth rate and
mass at weaning of Antarctic fur seals at Bird Island, South Georgia. Journal of Mammalogy
74(4):908–919.
Lydersen, C., K.M. Kovacs, and M.O. Hammill. 1997. Energetics during nursing and early postweaning fasting in hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) pups from the Gulf of St Lawrence, Canada.
Journal of Comparative Physiology B 167(2):81–88.
Markussen, N.H. 1995. Changes in metabolic rate and body composition during starvation and
semistarvation in harbour seals. In Developments in Marine Biology 4: Whales, Seals, Fish and
Man, eds. A.S. Blix, L. Walløe, and Ø. Ulltang. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
Markussen, N.H., M. Ryg, and N.A. Øritsland. 1992. Metabolic rate and body composition of
harbour seals, Phoca vitulina, during starvation and refeeding. Canadian Journal of Zoology
70(2):220–224.
McCue, M.D. 2010. Starvation physiology: Reviewing the different strategies animals use to survive
a common challenge. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 156(1):1–18.
Mehta, A.V., J.M. Allen, R. Constantine et al. 2007. Baleen whales are not important as prey for killer
whales Orcinus orca in high-latitude regions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 348:297–307.
Muelbert, M.M.C. and W.D. Bowen. 1993. Duration of lactation and postweaning changes in
mass and body composition of harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, pups. Canadian Journal of Zoology
71(7):1405–1414.
Nelson, R.A., G.E. Folk Jr., E.W. Pfeiffer, J.J. Craighead, C.J. Jonkel, and D.L. Steiger. 1983. Behavior,
biochemistry, and hibernation in black, grizzly, and polar bears. Bears: Their Biology and
Management 5:284–290.
Nordøy, E.S., A. Aakvaag, and T.S. Larsen. 1993. Metabolic adaptations to fasting in harp seal pups.
Physiological Zoology 66(6):926–945.
Nordøy, E.S. and A.S. Blix. 1985. Energy sources in fasting gray seal pups evaluated with computed
tomography. American Journal of Physiology 249(18):R471–R476.
Nordøy, E.S. and A.S. Blix. 1991. Glucose and ketone body turnover in fasting gray seal pups. Acta
Physiologica Scandinavica 141(4):565–571.
Nordøy, E.S., O.C. Ingebretsen, and A.S. Blix. 1990. Depressed metabolism and low protein catabolism in fasting gray seal pups. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 139(2):361–369.
Noren, D.P., D.E. Crocker, T.M. Williams, and D.P. Costa. 2003. Energy reserve utilization in northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups during the postweaning fast: Size does matter.
Journal of Comparative Physiology B 173(5):443–454.
Noren, D.P. and M. Mangel. 2004. Energy reserve allocation in fasting northern elephant seal pups:
Inter-relationships between body condition and fasting duration. Functional Ecology 18(2):233–242.
Øritsland, N.A. 1990. Starvation survival and body composition in mammals with particular reference to Homo sapiens. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 52(5):643–655.
Øritsland, N.A. and N.H. Markussen. 1990. Outline of a physiologically-based model for population
energetics. Ecological Modelling 52:267–286.
Øritsland, N.A., A.J. Pasche, N.H. Markussen, and K. Ronald. 1985. Weight loss and catabolic adaptations to starvation in gray seal pups. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 82(4):931–933.
Ortiz, R.M., D.S. Houser, C.E. Wade, and C.L. Ortiz. 2003. Hormonal changes associated with the
transition between nursing and natural fasting in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). General and Comparative Endocrinology 130(1):78–83.
Ortiz, R.M., B. Long, D. Casper, C.L. Ortiz, and T.M. Williams. 2010. Biochemical and hormonal
changes during acute fasting and re-feeding in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Marine
Mammal Science 26(2):409–419.