137
Chapter six: Diet and nutrition
McCutchan, J.H., W.M. Lewis, C. Kendall, and C.C. McGrath. 2003. Variation in trophic shift for
stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Oikos 102(2):378–390.
Newland, C., I.C. Field, P.D. Nichols, C.J.A. Bradshaw, and M.A. Hindell. 2009. Blubber fatty acid
profiles indicate dietary resource partitioning between adult and juvenile southern elephant
seals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:303–312.
Newsome, S.D., J.D. Yeakel, P.V. Wheatley, and M.T. Tinker. 2012. Tools for quantifying isotopic
niche space and dietary variation at the individual and population level. Journal of Mammalogy
93(2):329–341.
Nilssen, K.T., P.E. Grotnes, and T. Haug. 1992. The effect of invading harp seals (Phoca groenlandica)
on local coastal fish stocks of North Norway. Fisheries Research 13(1):25–37.
Norris, K.S. and B. Mohl. 1983. Can odontocetes debilitate prey with sound? The American Naturalist
122(1):85–104.
Pauly, D., A.W. Trites, E. Capuli, and V. Christensen. 1998. Diet composition and trophic levels of
marine mammals. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 55(3):467–481.
Peterson, B.J. and B. Fry. 1987. Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 18:293–320.
Pitman, R.L. and P. Ensor. 2003. Three forms of killer whales in Antarctic waters. Journal of Cetacean
Research and Management 5:131–139.
Schell, D.M., S.M. Saupe, and N. Haubenstock. 1989. Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) growth and
feeding as estimated by δ 13 C techniques. Marine Biology 103(4):433–443.
Sergeant, D.E. 1973. Feeding, growth, and productivity of Northwest Atlantic Harp seals (Pagophilus
groenlandicus). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30(1):17–29.
Sheffield, G. and J.M. Grebmeier. 2009. Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens): Differential prey
digestion and diet. Marine Mammal Science 25(4):761–777.
Similä, T. and F. Ugarte. 1993. Surface and underwater observations of cooperatively feeding killer
whales in northern Norway. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71(8):1494–1499.
Sivertsen, E. 1941. On the biology of the harp seal Phoca groenlandica Erxl. Investigations carried out
in the White Sea 1925–1937. Hoalrddets Skr 26:1–166.
Slip, D. 1995. The diet of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) from Heard Island Canadian
Journal of Zoology 73(8):1519–1528.
Smith, S.J., S.J. Iverson, and W.D. Bowen. 1997. Fatty acid signatures and classification trees: New
tools for investigating the foraging ecology of seals. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences 54(6):1377–1386.
Staniland, I.J. 2002. Investigating the biases in the use of hard prey remains to identify diet composition using Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) in captive feeding trials. Marine Mammal
Science 18(1):223–243.
Stone, S. and T. Meier. 1981. Summer leopard seal ecology along the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctic
Journal of the United States 16:151–152.
Tieszen, L.L., T.W. Boutton, K.G. Tesdahl, and N.A. Slade. 1983. Fractionation and turnover of
stable carbon isotopes in animal tissues: Implications for δ 13 C analysis of diet. Oecologia
57(1/2):32–37.
Tollit, D.J., M. Wong, A.J. Winship, D.A.S. Rosen, and A.W. Trites. 2003. Quantifying errors associated with using prey skeletal structures from fecal samples to determine the diet of Steller’s
sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Marine Mammal Science 19(4):724–744.
Vanderklift, M. and S. Ponsard. 2003. Sources of variation in consumer-diet δ 15 N enrichment: A
meta-analysis. Oecologia 136(2):169–182.
Vander Zanden, M.J. and J.B. Rasmussen. 1999. Primary consumer δ 13 C and δ 15 N and the trophic
position of aquatic consumers. Ecology 80:1395–1404.
Wall, S.M., C.J.A. Bradshaw, C.J. Southwell, N.J. Gales, and M.A. Hindell. 2007. Crabeater seal diving
behaviour in eastern Antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 337:265–277.
Walters, A., M.A. Lea, J. van den Hoff et al. 2014. Spatially explicit estimates of prey consumption
reveal a new krill predator in the Southern Ocean. PLoS ONE 9(1):e86452.
Ware, C., D.N. Wiley, A.S. Friedlaender et al. 2014. Bottom side-roll feeding by humpback
whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the southern Gulf of Maine. Marine Mammal Science
30(2):494–511.
Chapter six: Diet and nutrition
McCutchan, J.H., W.M. Lewis, C. Kendall, and C.C. McGrath. 2003. Variation in trophic shift for
stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Oikos 102(2):378–390.
Newland, C., I.C. Field, P.D. Nichols, C.J.A. Bradshaw, and M.A. Hindell. 2009. Blubber fatty acid
profiles indicate dietary resource partitioning between adult and juvenile southern elephant
seals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:303–312.
Newsome, S.D., J.D. Yeakel, P.V. Wheatley, and M.T. Tinker. 2012. Tools for quantifying isotopic
niche space and dietary variation at the individual and population level. Journal of Mammalogy
93(2):329–341.
Nilssen, K.T., P.E. Grotnes, and T. Haug. 1992. The effect of invading harp seals (Phoca groenlandica)
on local coastal fish stocks of North Norway. Fisheries Research 13(1):25–37.
Norris, K.S. and B. Mohl. 1983. Can odontocetes debilitate prey with sound? The American Naturalist
122(1):85–104.
Pauly, D., A.W. Trites, E. Capuli, and V. Christensen. 1998. Diet composition and trophic levels of
marine mammals. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 55(3):467–481.
Peterson, B.J. and B. Fry. 1987. Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 18:293–320.
Pitman, R.L. and P. Ensor. 2003. Three forms of killer whales in Antarctic waters. Journal of Cetacean
Research and Management 5:131–139.
Schell, D.M., S.M. Saupe, and N. Haubenstock. 1989. Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) growth and
feeding as estimated by δ 13 C techniques. Marine Biology 103(4):433–443.
Sergeant, D.E. 1973. Feeding, growth, and productivity of Northwest Atlantic Harp seals (Pagophilus
groenlandicus). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30(1):17–29.
Sheffield, G. and J.M. Grebmeier. 2009. Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens): Differential prey
digestion and diet. Marine Mammal Science 25(4):761–777.
Similä, T. and F. Ugarte. 1993. Surface and underwater observations of cooperatively feeding killer
whales in northern Norway. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71(8):1494–1499.
Sivertsen, E. 1941. On the biology of the harp seal Phoca groenlandica Erxl. Investigations carried out
in the White Sea 1925–1937. Hoalrddets Skr 26:1–166.
Slip, D. 1995. The diet of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) from Heard Island Canadian
Journal of Zoology 73(8):1519–1528.
Smith, S.J., S.J. Iverson, and W.D. Bowen. 1997. Fatty acid signatures and classification trees: New
tools for investigating the foraging ecology of seals. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences 54(6):1377–1386.
Staniland, I.J. 2002. Investigating the biases in the use of hard prey remains to identify diet composition using Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) in captive feeding trials. Marine Mammal
Science 18(1):223–243.
Stone, S. and T. Meier. 1981. Summer leopard seal ecology along the Antarctic Peninsula. Antarctic
Journal of the United States 16:151–152.
Tieszen, L.L., T.W. Boutton, K.G. Tesdahl, and N.A. Slade. 1983. Fractionation and turnover of
stable carbon isotopes in animal tissues: Implications for δ 13 C analysis of diet. Oecologia
57(1/2):32–37.
Tollit, D.J., M. Wong, A.J. Winship, D.A.S. Rosen, and A.W. Trites. 2003. Quantifying errors associated with using prey skeletal structures from fecal samples to determine the diet of Steller’s
sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Marine Mammal Science 19(4):724–744.
Vanderklift, M. and S. Ponsard. 2003. Sources of variation in consumer-diet δ 15 N enrichment: A
meta-analysis. Oecologia 136(2):169–182.
Vander Zanden, M.J. and J.B. Rasmussen. 1999. Primary consumer δ 13 C and δ 15 N and the trophic
position of aquatic consumers. Ecology 80:1395–1404.
Wall, S.M., C.J.A. Bradshaw, C.J. Southwell, N.J. Gales, and M.A. Hindell. 2007. Crabeater seal diving
behaviour in eastern Antarctica. Marine Ecology Progress Series 337:265–277.
Walters, A., M.A. Lea, J. van den Hoff et al. 2014. Spatially explicit estimates of prey consumption
reveal a new krill predator in the Southern Ocean. PLoS ONE 9(1):e86452.
Ware, C., D.N. Wiley, A.S. Friedlaender et al. 2014. Bottom side-roll feeding by humpback
whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the southern Gulf of Maine. Marine Mammal Science
30(2):494–511.