87
Chapter four: Pressure regulation
Plexus/rete: A network of blood vessels.
Sinus: A cavity within a bone or tissue.
Sphincter: A muscle that can close off a body cavity.
Surfactant: Compound which lowers the surface tension.
Vein/venous: A blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart. Systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart and pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
References
Behnke, A.R. 1951. Decompression sickness following exposure to high pressures. In Decompression
Sickness, ed. J.F. Fulton. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 53–89.
Belanger, L.F. 1940. A study of the histological structure of the respiratory portion of the lungs of
aquatic mammals. American Journal of Anatomy 67:437–461.
Bennett, P.B. and J.C. Rostain. 2003. The high pressure nervous syndrome. In Bennett and Elliott’s
Physiology and Medicine of Diving, eds. A.O. Brubakk and T.S. Neuman. New York: Saunders,
194–237.
Bostrom, B.L., A. Fahlman, and D.R. Jones. 2008. Tracheal compression delays alveolar collapse during deep diving in marine mammals. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 161:298–305.
Boyd, I.L. and J.P. Croxall. 1996. Dive durations in pinnipeds and seabirds. Canadian Journal of
Zoology 74:1696–1705.
Brauer, R.W., R.W. Beaver, W.M. Mansfield, F. Oconnor, and L.W. White. 1975. Rate factors in development of high pressure neurological syndrome. Journal of Applied Physiology 38(2):220–227.
Brown, R.E. and J.P. Butler. 2000. The absolute necessity of chest-wall collapse during diving in
breath-hold diving mammals. Aquatic Mammals 26(1):26–32.
Butler, J.P., S.H. Loring, S. Patz, A. Tsuda, D.A. Yablonskiy, and S.J. Mentzer. 2012. Evidence for adult
lung growth in humans. New England Journal of Medicine 367(3):244–247.
Castellini, M.A. and J.M. Castellini. 2004. Defining the limits of diving biochemistry in marine
mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 139:509–518.
Castellini, M.A., J.M. Castellini, and P.M. Rivera. 2001. Adaptations to pressure in the RBC
metabolism of diving mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 129(4): 751–757.
Castellini, M.A., P.M. Rivera, and J.M. Castellini. 2002. Biochemical aspects of pressure tolerance in
marine mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 133:893–899.
Chilvers, B.L., S. Delean, N.J. Gales et al. 2004. Diving behaviour of dugongs, Dugong dugon. Journal
of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 304(2):203–224.
Costidis, A. and S.A. Rommel. 2012. Vascularization of air sinuses and fat bodies in the head of the
bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Morphological implications on physiology. Frontiers in
Physiology 3:243.
Cotten, P.B., M.A. Piscitelli, W.A. McLellan, S.A. Rommel, J.L. Dearolf, and D.A. Pabst. 2008. The
gross morphology and histochemistry of respiratory muscles in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops
truncatus. Journal of Morphology 269(12):1520–1538.
Cozzi, B., P. Bagnoli, F. Acocella, and M.L. Constantino. 2005. Structure and biomechanical properties of the trachea of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba: Evidence for evolutionary adaptations to diving. The Anatomical Record Part A 284A:500–510.
Craig, A.B. Jr. 1968. Depth limits of breath hold diving (an example of fennology). Respiration
Physiology 5:14–22.
Croll, D.A., M.K. Nishiguchi, and S. Kaupp. 1992. Pressure and lactate-dehydrogenase function in
diving mammals and birds. Physiological Zoology 65(5):1022–1027.
de Quirós, Y.B., Ó. González-Díaz, M. Arbelo, E. Sierra, S. Sacchini, and A. Fernández. 2012.
Decompression versus decomposition: Distribution, quantity and gas composition of bubbles
in stranded marine mammals. Frontiers in Physiology 3:177.
de Quiros, Y.B., O. Gonzalez-Diaz, A. Mollerlokken et al. 2013a. Differentiation at autopsy between
in vivo gas embolism and putrefaction using gas composition analysis. International Journal of
Legal Medicine 127(2):437–445.
Chapter four: Pressure regulation
Plexus/rete: A network of blood vessels.
Sinus: A cavity within a bone or tissue.
Sphincter: A muscle that can close off a body cavity.
Surfactant: Compound which lowers the surface tension.
Vein/venous: A blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart. Systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart and pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
References
Behnke, A.R. 1951. Decompression sickness following exposure to high pressures. In Decompression
Sickness, ed. J.F. Fulton. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 53–89.
Belanger, L.F. 1940. A study of the histological structure of the respiratory portion of the lungs of
aquatic mammals. American Journal of Anatomy 67:437–461.
Bennett, P.B. and J.C. Rostain. 2003. The high pressure nervous syndrome. In Bennett and Elliott’s
Physiology and Medicine of Diving, eds. A.O. Brubakk and T.S. Neuman. New York: Saunders,
194–237.
Bostrom, B.L., A. Fahlman, and D.R. Jones. 2008. Tracheal compression delays alveolar collapse during deep diving in marine mammals. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 161:298–305.
Boyd, I.L. and J.P. Croxall. 1996. Dive durations in pinnipeds and seabirds. Canadian Journal of
Zoology 74:1696–1705.
Brauer, R.W., R.W. Beaver, W.M. Mansfield, F. Oconnor, and L.W. White. 1975. Rate factors in development of high pressure neurological syndrome. Journal of Applied Physiology 38(2):220–227.
Brown, R.E. and J.P. Butler. 2000. The absolute necessity of chest-wall collapse during diving in
breath-hold diving mammals. Aquatic Mammals 26(1):26–32.
Butler, J.P., S.H. Loring, S. Patz, A. Tsuda, D.A. Yablonskiy, and S.J. Mentzer. 2012. Evidence for adult
lung growth in humans. New England Journal of Medicine 367(3):244–247.
Castellini, M.A. and J.M. Castellini. 2004. Defining the limits of diving biochemistry in marine
mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 139:509–518.
Castellini, M.A., J.M. Castellini, and P.M. Rivera. 2001. Adaptations to pressure in the RBC
metabolism of diving mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 129(4): 751–757.
Castellini, M.A., P.M. Rivera, and J.M. Castellini. 2002. Biochemical aspects of pressure tolerance in
marine mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 133:893–899.
Chilvers, B.L., S. Delean, N.J. Gales et al. 2004. Diving behaviour of dugongs, Dugong dugon. Journal
of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 304(2):203–224.
Costidis, A. and S.A. Rommel. 2012. Vascularization of air sinuses and fat bodies in the head of the
bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Morphological implications on physiology. Frontiers in
Physiology 3:243.
Cotten, P.B., M.A. Piscitelli, W.A. McLellan, S.A. Rommel, J.L. Dearolf, and D.A. Pabst. 2008. The
gross morphology and histochemistry of respiratory muscles in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops
truncatus. Journal of Morphology 269(12):1520–1538.
Cozzi, B., P. Bagnoli, F. Acocella, and M.L. Constantino. 2005. Structure and biomechanical properties of the trachea of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba: Evidence for evolutionary adaptations to diving. The Anatomical Record Part A 284A:500–510.
Craig, A.B. Jr. 1968. Depth limits of breath hold diving (an example of fennology). Respiration
Physiology 5:14–22.
Croll, D.A., M.K. Nishiguchi, and S. Kaupp. 1992. Pressure and lactate-dehydrogenase function in
diving mammals and birds. Physiological Zoology 65(5):1022–1027.
de Quirós, Y.B., Ó. González-Díaz, M. Arbelo, E. Sierra, S. Sacchini, and A. Fernández. 2012.
Decompression versus decomposition: Distribution, quantity and gas composition of bubbles
in stranded marine mammals. Frontiers in Physiology 3:177.
de Quiros, Y.B., O. Gonzalez-Diaz, A. Mollerlokken et al. 2013a. Differentiation at autopsy between
in vivo gas embolism and putrefaction using gas composition analysis. International Journal of
Legal Medicine 127(2):437–445.