Microalgal Biomass Production 75
At the same time, water quality and pH has stabilized by oxygen production during photosynthesis. It
enhances waste water quality and reduces all the hazardous chemicals. Several awareness programs have
been started on global warming and several countries amended new environment laws to regulate and ban
the day to day issues which lead global warming.
Acknowledgement
The first author, Rathinam Raja is grateful to The Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-SFRH/
BPD/63402/2009), Portugal for funding the researcher.
References
Aaron, A., B. Amy, J. Siddharth, L. Antony and S. Sean. 2011. The potential for microalgae and other microcrops to produce
sustainable biofuels. A review of the emerging industry, environmental sustainability and policy recommendations.
University of Michigan, USA.
Alam, M.S., W.O. Watanabe and H.V. Daniels. 2009. Effect of different dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance
and body composition of juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) reared in recirculating aquaculture
system. J. World Aquac. Soc. 40: 513–521.
Becker, E.W. 2004. Large scale cultivation. pp. 63–171. In: Microalgae—Biotechnology and Microbiology. Cambridge
University press, Cambridge, UK.
Belarbi, E.H., E. Molina and Y. Chisti. 2000. A process for high yield and scaleable recovery of high purity eicosapentaenoic
acid esters from microalgae and fish oil. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 26: 516.
Bilanovic, D., G. Shelef and A. Sukenik. 1988. Flocculation of microalgae with cationic polymers: Effects of medium salinity.
Biomass 17: 65–76.
Boussiba, S., X.Q. Wu, E. Ben-Dov, A. Zarka and A. Zaritsky. 2000. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria as gene delivery system
for expressing mosquiticidal toxins of Bacillus thuringensis ssp. israelensis. Journal of Applied Phycoogy 12: 461–467.
Brennan, L. and P. Owende. 2010. Biofuels from microalgae—a review of technologies for production, processing, and
extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14: 557–577.
Chen, Y.M., J.C. Liu and Y. Hsu Ju. 1998. Flotation removal of algae from water. Colloids and Surfaces Biointerfaces 12: 49–55.
Chisti, Y. 1999. Shear sensitivity. pp. 2379–406. In: M.C. Flickinger and S.W. Drew (eds.). Encyclopedia of Bioprocess
Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis, and Bioseparation, vol. 5. New York: Wiley Publications, USA.
Chisti, Y. 2007. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol. Adv. 25: 294–306.
Danquah, M.K., B. Gladman, N. Moheimani and G.M. Forde. 2009. Microalgal growth characteristics and subsequent influence
on dewatering efficiency. Chem. Eng. J. 151: 73–78.
De Morais, M.G. and J.A.V. Costa. 2007. Isolation and selection of microalgae from coal fired thermoelectric power plant for
biofixation of carbon dioxide. Energy Conversion and Management 48: 2169–2173.
Dijkstra, A.J. 2006. Revisiting the formation of trans-isomers during partial hydrogenation of triacylglycerol oils. Eur. J.
Lipid Sci. Tech. 108: 249.
Durmaz, Y. 2007. Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) production by the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata (Eustigmatophyceae)
in nitrogen limitation. Aquacul. 272: 717–722.
Fujii, K., H. Nakashima, Y. Hashidzume, T. Uchiyama, K. Mishiro and Y. Kadota 2010. Potential use of the astaxanthinproducing microalga, Monoraphidium sp. GK12, as a functional aquafeed for prawns. J. Appl. Phycol. 22: 363–369.
Gagneux-Moreaux, S., C. Moreau, J.L. Gonzalez and R.P. Cosson. 2007. Diatom artificial medium (DAM): a new artificial
medium for the diatom, Haslea ostrearia and other marine microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 19: 549–556.
Garcia, J., R. Mujeriego and M. Hernandez. 2000. High rate algal pond operating strategies for urban wastewater nitrogen
removal. Journal of Applied Phycology 12: 331–339.
Gentsch, E., T. Kreibich, W. Hagen and N. Barbara. 2009. Dietary shifts in the copepod Temora longicornis during spring:
evidence from stable isotope signatures, fatty acid biomarkers and feeding experiments. J. Plankton. Res. 31: 45–60.
Gleason, F.K. and J.L. Paulson. 1984. Site of action of the natural algicide, cyanobacterin, in the blue-green alga, Synechococcus
sp. Archives in Microbiology 138: 273–277.
Gleason, F.K. and C.A. Baxa. 1986. Activity of the natural algicide, cyanobacterin, on eukaryotic microorganisms. FEMS
Microbiology Letters 33: 85–88.
Golueke, C.G. and W.J. Oswald. 1965. Harvesting and processing sewage grown planktonic algae. J. Water Pollution Control.
Federation 37: 471–98.
Gonzales, L.E., R.O. Canizares and S. Baena. 1997. Efficiency of ammonia and phosphorus removal from a Colombian
agroindustrial wastewater by the microlagae Chlorealla vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorphus. Bioresource Technol.
60: 259–262.
Gouveia, L. and A.C. Oliveira. 2008. Microalgae as a raw material for biofuels production. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
36: 269–274.
At the same time, water quality and pH has stabilized by oxygen production during photosynthesis. It
enhances waste water quality and reduces all the hazardous chemicals. Several awareness programs have
been started on global warming and several countries amended new environment laws to regulate and ban
the day to day issues which lead global warming.
Acknowledgement
The first author, Rathinam Raja is grateful to The Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-SFRH/
BPD/63402/2009), Portugal for funding the researcher.
References
Aaron, A., B. Amy, J. Siddharth, L. Antony and S. Sean. 2011. The potential for microalgae and other microcrops to produce
sustainable biofuels. A review of the emerging industry, environmental sustainability and policy recommendations.
University of Michigan, USA.
Alam, M.S., W.O. Watanabe and H.V. Daniels. 2009. Effect of different dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance
and body composition of juvenile southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) reared in recirculating aquaculture
system. J. World Aquac. Soc. 40: 513–521.
Becker, E.W. 2004. Large scale cultivation. pp. 63–171. In: Microalgae—Biotechnology and Microbiology. Cambridge
University press, Cambridge, UK.
Belarbi, E.H., E. Molina and Y. Chisti. 2000. A process for high yield and scaleable recovery of high purity eicosapentaenoic
acid esters from microalgae and fish oil. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 26: 516.
Bilanovic, D., G. Shelef and A. Sukenik. 1988. Flocculation of microalgae with cationic polymers: Effects of medium salinity.
Biomass 17: 65–76.
Boussiba, S., X.Q. Wu, E. Ben-Dov, A. Zarka and A. Zaritsky. 2000. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria as gene delivery system
for expressing mosquiticidal toxins of Bacillus thuringensis ssp. israelensis. Journal of Applied Phycoogy 12: 461–467.
Brennan, L. and P. Owende. 2010. Biofuels from microalgae—a review of technologies for production, processing, and
extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14: 557–577.
Chen, Y.M., J.C. Liu and Y. Hsu Ju. 1998. Flotation removal of algae from water. Colloids and Surfaces Biointerfaces 12: 49–55.
Chisti, Y. 1999. Shear sensitivity. pp. 2379–406. In: M.C. Flickinger and S.W. Drew (eds.). Encyclopedia of Bioprocess
Technology: Fermentation, Biocatalysis, and Bioseparation, vol. 5. New York: Wiley Publications, USA.
Chisti, Y. 2007. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol. Adv. 25: 294–306.
Danquah, M.K., B. Gladman, N. Moheimani and G.M. Forde. 2009. Microalgal growth characteristics and subsequent influence
on dewatering efficiency. Chem. Eng. J. 151: 73–78.
De Morais, M.G. and J.A.V. Costa. 2007. Isolation and selection of microalgae from coal fired thermoelectric power plant for
biofixation of carbon dioxide. Energy Conversion and Management 48: 2169–2173.
Dijkstra, A.J. 2006. Revisiting the formation of trans-isomers during partial hydrogenation of triacylglycerol oils. Eur. J.
Lipid Sci. Tech. 108: 249.
Durmaz, Y. 2007. Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) production by the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata (Eustigmatophyceae)
in nitrogen limitation. Aquacul. 272: 717–722.
Fujii, K., H. Nakashima, Y. Hashidzume, T. Uchiyama, K. Mishiro and Y. Kadota 2010. Potential use of the astaxanthinproducing microalga, Monoraphidium sp. GK12, as a functional aquafeed for prawns. J. Appl. Phycol. 22: 363–369.
Gagneux-Moreaux, S., C. Moreau, J.L. Gonzalez and R.P. Cosson. 2007. Diatom artificial medium (DAM): a new artificial
medium for the diatom, Haslea ostrearia and other marine microalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 19: 549–556.
Garcia, J., R. Mujeriego and M. Hernandez. 2000. High rate algal pond operating strategies for urban wastewater nitrogen
removal. Journal of Applied Phycology 12: 331–339.
Gentsch, E., T. Kreibich, W. Hagen and N. Barbara. 2009. Dietary shifts in the copepod Temora longicornis during spring:
evidence from stable isotope signatures, fatty acid biomarkers and feeding experiments. J. Plankton. Res. 31: 45–60.
Gleason, F.K. and J.L. Paulson. 1984. Site of action of the natural algicide, cyanobacterin, in the blue-green alga, Synechococcus
sp. Archives in Microbiology 138: 273–277.
Gleason, F.K. and C.A. Baxa. 1986. Activity of the natural algicide, cyanobacterin, on eukaryotic microorganisms. FEMS
Microbiology Letters 33: 85–88.
Golueke, C.G. and W.J. Oswald. 1965. Harvesting and processing sewage grown planktonic algae. J. Water Pollution Control.
Federation 37: 471–98.
Gonzales, L.E., R.O. Canizares and S. Baena. 1997. Efficiency of ammonia and phosphorus removal from a Colombian
agroindustrial wastewater by the microlagae Chlorealla vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorphus. Bioresource Technol.
60: 259–262.
Gouveia, L. and A.C. Oliveira. 2008. Microalgae as a raw material for biofuels production. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
36: 269–274.