Microalgal Metabolism and their Utilisation 61
Redfield, A.C. 1958. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. Am. Sci. 46: 205–221.
Reitan, K.I., J.R. Rainuzzo and Y. Olsen. 1994. Effect of nutrient limitation on fatty-acid and lipid-content of marine microalgae.
J. Phycol. 30: 972–979.
Richmond, A. and A. Vonshak. 1978. Spirulina culture in Israel. Arch. Hydrobiol. 11: 274–280.
Richmond, A. 1996. Efficient utilization of high irradiance for production of photoautotrophic cell mass: a survey. J. Appl.
Phycol. 8: 381–387.
Roessler, P.G. 1988. Effects of silicon deficiency on lipid composition and metabolism in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica. J.
Phycol. 24: 394–400.
Roessler, P.G. 1990. Environmental control of glycerolipid metabolism in microalgae—Commercial implications and future
research directions. J. Phycol. 26: 393–399.
Schlee, J., B.-H. Cho and E. Komor. 1985. Regulation of nitrate uptake by glucose in Chlorella. Plant Sci. 39: 25–30.
Schoefs, B., N. Rmiki, J. Rachadi and Y. Lemoine. 2001. Astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus requires a cytochrome
P450 hydroxylase and an active synthesis of fatty acids. FEBS Lett. 500: 125–128.
Semenenko, V.E. and A.A. Abdullayev. 1980. Parametric control of ß-carotene biosynthesis in Dunaliella salina cells under
conditions of intensive cultivation. Fiziologya Rastenii 27: 31–41.
Sforza, E., R. Cipriani, T. Morosinotto, A. Bertucco and G.M. Giacometti. 2012. Excess CO 2 supply inhibits mixotrophic
growth of Chlorella protothecoides and Nannochloropsis salina. Bioresour. Technol. 104: 523–529.
Shaish, A., M. Avron, U. Pick and A. Ben-Amotz. 1993. Are active oxygen species involved in induction of beta-carotene in
Dunaliella bardawil. Planta 190: 363–368.
Shihira, I. and R.W. Krauss. 1965. Chlorella. Physiology and taxonomy of forty-one isolates. University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland.
Shiraiwa, Y. and Y. Umino. 1991. Effect of glucose on the induction of the carbonic anhydrase and the change in K 1/2 (CO 2 )
of photosynthesis in Chlorella vulgaris 11H. Plant Cell Physiol. 32: 311–314.
Singh, D.P., N. Singh and K. Verma. 1995. Photooxidative damage to the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis mediated by
singlet oxygen. Current Microbiol 31: 44–48.
Solovchenko, A., I. Khozin-Goldberg, S. Didi-Cohen, Z. Cohen and M. Merzlyak. 2008. Effects of light intensity and nitrogen
starvation on growth, total fatty acids and arachidonic acid in the green microalga Parietochloris incisa. J. Appl. Phycol.
20: 245–251.
Sukenik, A. 1999. Production of eicosapentaenoic acid by the marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis. pp. 41–56. In:
Z. Cohen (ed.). Chemicals from Microalgae. Taylor & Francis, London.
Sukenik, A., J. Beardall, J.C. Kromkamp, J. Kopecky, J. Masojídek, S. Van Bergeijk, S. Gabai, E. Shaham and A. Yamshon.
2009. Photosynthetic performance of outdoor Nannochloropsis mass cultures under a wide range of environmental
conditions. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 56: 297–308.
Sukenik, A., J. Bennett and P. Falkowski. 1987. Light-saturated photosynthesis—limitation by electron transport or carbon
fixation? Biochim. Biophys. Acta 891: 205–215.
Sullivan, C.W. and B.E. Volcani. 1981. Silicon in the cellular metabolism of diatoms. pp. 15–42. In: T.L. Simpson and
B.E. Volcani (eds.). Silicon and Siliceous Structures in Biological Systems. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Syrett, P.J. 1988. Uptake and utilization of nitrogen compounds. pp. 23–39. In: L.J. Rogers and J.R. Gallon (eds.). Biochemistry
of the Algae and Cyanobacteria. Oxford University Press, NY.
Tam, N.F.Y. and Y.S. Wong. 1996. Effect of ammonia concentrations on growth of Chlorella vulgaris and nitrogen removal
from media. Bioresour. Technol. 57: 45–50.
Tamiya, H. 1957. Mass culture of algae. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 8: 309–344.
Tang, D., W. Han, P. Li, X. Miao and J. Zhong. 2011. CO 2 biofixation and fatty acid composition of Scenedesmus obliquus
and Chlorella pyrenoidosa in response to different CO 2 levels. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 3071–3076.
Tanner, W. 2000. The Chlorella hexose/H
+
-symporters. Int. Rev. Cytol. 200: 101–141.
Tischner, R. 2000. Nitrate uptake and reduction in higher and lower plants. Plant Cell Env. 23: 1005–1024.
Torzillo, G., A. Sacchi, R. Materassi and A. Richmond. 1991. Effect of temperature on yield and night biomass loss in Spirulina
platensis grown outdoors in tubular photobioreactors. J. Appl. Phycol. 3: 103–109.
Torzillo, G., P. Accolla, E. Pinzani and J. Masojidek. 1996. In situ monitoring of chlorophyll fluorescence to assess the
synergistic effect of low tempereture and high irradiance stress in Spirulina cultures grown outdoors in photobioreactors.
J. Appl. Phycol. 8: 283–291.
Unkefer, C.J., R.T. Sayre, J.K. Magnuson, D.B. Anderson, I. Baxter, I.K. Blaby, J.K. Brown, M. Carleton, R.A. Cattolico,
T. Dale, T.P. Devarenne, C.M. Downes, S.K. Dutcher, D.T. Fox, U. Goodenough, J. Jaworski, J.E. Holladay,
D.M. Kramer, A.T. Koppisch, M.S. Lipton, B.L. Marrone, M. McCormick, I. Molnár, J.B. Mott, K.L. Ogden,
E.A. Panisko, M. Pellegrini, J. Polle, J.W. Richardson, M. Sabarsky, S.R. Starkenburg, G.D. Stormo, M. Teshima,
S.N. Twary, P.J. Unkefer, J.S. Yuan and J.A. Olivares 2017. Review of the algal biology program within the national
alliance for advanced biofuels and bioproducts. Algal Res. 22: 187–215.
Valenzuela, J., A. Mazurie, R.P. Carlson, R. Gerlach, K.E. Cooksey, B.M. Peyton and M.W. Fields. 2012. Potential role of
multiple carbon fixation pathways during lipid accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Biotech. Biofuels 5: 40.
Vanlerberghe, G.C., H.C. Huppe, K.D.M. Vlossak and D.H. Turpin. 1992. Activation of respiration to support dark NO 3
–
and
NH 4
+
assimilation in the green alga Selenastrum minutum. Plant Physiol. 99: 495–500.
Redfield, A.C. 1958. The biological control of chemical factors in the environment. Am. Sci. 46: 205–221.
Reitan, K.I., J.R. Rainuzzo and Y. Olsen. 1994. Effect of nutrient limitation on fatty-acid and lipid-content of marine microalgae.
J. Phycol. 30: 972–979.
Richmond, A. and A. Vonshak. 1978. Spirulina culture in Israel. Arch. Hydrobiol. 11: 274–280.
Richmond, A. 1996. Efficient utilization of high irradiance for production of photoautotrophic cell mass: a survey. J. Appl.
Phycol. 8: 381–387.
Roessler, P.G. 1988. Effects of silicon deficiency on lipid composition and metabolism in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica. J.
Phycol. 24: 394–400.
Roessler, P.G. 1990. Environmental control of glycerolipid metabolism in microalgae—Commercial implications and future
research directions. J. Phycol. 26: 393–399.
Schlee, J., B.-H. Cho and E. Komor. 1985. Regulation of nitrate uptake by glucose in Chlorella. Plant Sci. 39: 25–30.
Schoefs, B., N. Rmiki, J. Rachadi and Y. Lemoine. 2001. Astaxanthin accumulation in Haematococcus requires a cytochrome
P450 hydroxylase and an active synthesis of fatty acids. FEBS Lett. 500: 125–128.
Semenenko, V.E. and A.A. Abdullayev. 1980. Parametric control of ß-carotene biosynthesis in Dunaliella salina cells under
conditions of intensive cultivation. Fiziologya Rastenii 27: 31–41.
Sforza, E., R. Cipriani, T. Morosinotto, A. Bertucco and G.M. Giacometti. 2012. Excess CO 2 supply inhibits mixotrophic
growth of Chlorella protothecoides and Nannochloropsis salina. Bioresour. Technol. 104: 523–529.
Shaish, A., M. Avron, U. Pick and A. Ben-Amotz. 1993. Are active oxygen species involved in induction of beta-carotene in
Dunaliella bardawil. Planta 190: 363–368.
Shihira, I. and R.W. Krauss. 1965. Chlorella. Physiology and taxonomy of forty-one isolates. University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland.
Shiraiwa, Y. and Y. Umino. 1991. Effect of glucose on the induction of the carbonic anhydrase and the change in K 1/2 (CO 2 )
of photosynthesis in Chlorella vulgaris 11H. Plant Cell Physiol. 32: 311–314.
Singh, D.P., N. Singh and K. Verma. 1995. Photooxidative damage to the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis mediated by
singlet oxygen. Current Microbiol 31: 44–48.
Solovchenko, A., I. Khozin-Goldberg, S. Didi-Cohen, Z. Cohen and M. Merzlyak. 2008. Effects of light intensity and nitrogen
starvation on growth, total fatty acids and arachidonic acid in the green microalga Parietochloris incisa. J. Appl. Phycol.
20: 245–251.
Sukenik, A. 1999. Production of eicosapentaenoic acid by the marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis. pp. 41–56. In:
Z. Cohen (ed.). Chemicals from Microalgae. Taylor & Francis, London.
Sukenik, A., J. Beardall, J.C. Kromkamp, J. Kopecky, J. Masojídek, S. Van Bergeijk, S. Gabai, E. Shaham and A. Yamshon.
2009. Photosynthetic performance of outdoor Nannochloropsis mass cultures under a wide range of environmental
conditions. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 56: 297–308.
Sukenik, A., J. Bennett and P. Falkowski. 1987. Light-saturated photosynthesis—limitation by electron transport or carbon
fixation? Biochim. Biophys. Acta 891: 205–215.
Sullivan, C.W. and B.E. Volcani. 1981. Silicon in the cellular metabolism of diatoms. pp. 15–42. In: T.L. Simpson and
B.E. Volcani (eds.). Silicon and Siliceous Structures in Biological Systems. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Syrett, P.J. 1988. Uptake and utilization of nitrogen compounds. pp. 23–39. In: L.J. Rogers and J.R. Gallon (eds.). Biochemistry
of the Algae and Cyanobacteria. Oxford University Press, NY.
Tam, N.F.Y. and Y.S. Wong. 1996. Effect of ammonia concentrations on growth of Chlorella vulgaris and nitrogen removal
from media. Bioresour. Technol. 57: 45–50.
Tamiya, H. 1957. Mass culture of algae. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 8: 309–344.
Tang, D., W. Han, P. Li, X. Miao and J. Zhong. 2011. CO 2 biofixation and fatty acid composition of Scenedesmus obliquus
and Chlorella pyrenoidosa in response to different CO 2 levels. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 3071–3076.
Tanner, W. 2000. The Chlorella hexose/H
+
-symporters. Int. Rev. Cytol. 200: 101–141.
Tischner, R. 2000. Nitrate uptake and reduction in higher and lower plants. Plant Cell Env. 23: 1005–1024.
Torzillo, G., A. Sacchi, R. Materassi and A. Richmond. 1991. Effect of temperature on yield and night biomass loss in Spirulina
platensis grown outdoors in tubular photobioreactors. J. Appl. Phycol. 3: 103–109.
Torzillo, G., P. Accolla, E. Pinzani and J. Masojidek. 1996. In situ monitoring of chlorophyll fluorescence to assess the
synergistic effect of low tempereture and high irradiance stress in Spirulina cultures grown outdoors in photobioreactors.
J. Appl. Phycol. 8: 283–291.
Unkefer, C.J., R.T. Sayre, J.K. Magnuson, D.B. Anderson, I. Baxter, I.K. Blaby, J.K. Brown, M. Carleton, R.A. Cattolico,
T. Dale, T.P. Devarenne, C.M. Downes, S.K. Dutcher, D.T. Fox, U. Goodenough, J. Jaworski, J.E. Holladay,
D.M. Kramer, A.T. Koppisch, M.S. Lipton, B.L. Marrone, M. McCormick, I. Molnár, J.B. Mott, K.L. Ogden,
E.A. Panisko, M. Pellegrini, J. Polle, J.W. Richardson, M. Sabarsky, S.R. Starkenburg, G.D. Stormo, M. Teshima,
S.N. Twary, P.J. Unkefer, J.S. Yuan and J.A. Olivares 2017. Review of the algal biology program within the national
alliance for advanced biofuels and bioproducts. Algal Res. 22: 187–215.
Valenzuela, J., A. Mazurie, R.P. Carlson, R. Gerlach, K.E. Cooksey, B.M. Peyton and M.W. Fields. 2012. Potential role of
multiple carbon fixation pathways during lipid accumulation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Biotech. Biofuels 5: 40.
Vanlerberghe, G.C., H.C. Huppe, K.D.M. Vlossak and D.H. Turpin. 1992. Activation of respiration to support dark NO 3
–
and
NH 4
+
assimilation in the green alga Selenastrum minutum. Plant Physiol. 99: 495–500.