56 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
Borowitzka, L.J., M.A. Borowitzka and T. Moulton. 1984. The mass culture of Dunaliella: from laboratory to pilot plant.
Hydrobiologia 116/117: 115–121.
Borowitzka, L.J., T.P. Moulton and M.A. Borowitzka. 1985. Salinity and the commercial production of beta-carotene from
Dunaliella salina. Nova Hedwigia, Beih. 81:217–222.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1988a. Algal growth media and sources of cultures. pp. 456–465. In: M.A. Borowitzka and L.J. Borowitzka
(eds.). Micro-algal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1988b. Fats, oils and hydrocarbons. pp. 257–287. In: M.A. Borowitzka and L.J. Borowitzka (eds.). Microalgal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1992. Comparing carotenogenesis in Dunaliella and Haematococcus: Implications for commercial production
strategies. pp. 301–310. In: T.G. Villa and J. Abalde (eds.). Profiles on Biotechnology. Universidade de Santiago de
Compostela, Santiago de Compostela.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1995. The biotechnology of microalgal carotenoid production. pp. 149–151. In: J.P. Aubert and P.M.V.
Martin (eds.). Microbes, Environment, Biotechnology. Abstracts, Colloques Internationaux de L’annee Pasteur. Institut
Louis Malarde, Papeete, Tahiti.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1997. Algae for aquaculture: Opportunities and constraints. J. Appl. Phycol. 9: 393–401.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1998. Limits to growth. pp. 203–226. In: Y.S. Wong and N.F.Y. Tam (eds.). Wastewater Treatment with
Algae. Springer-Verlag Berlin
Borowitzka, M.A. 2010. Carotenoid production using microorganisms. pp. 225–240. In: Z. Cohen and C. Ratledge (eds.).
Single Cell Oils. Microbial and Algal Oils. AOCS Press, Urbana.
Borowitzka, M.A. 2013a. High-value products from microalgae—their development and commercialisation. J. Appl. Phycol.
Borowitzka, M.A. 2013b. Strain selection. pp. 77–89. In: M.A. Borowitzka and N.R. Moheimani (eds.). Algae for Biofuels
and Energy. Springer, Dordrecht.
Borowitzka M.A. 2016. Algal physiology and large-scale outdoor cultures of microalgae. pp. 601–652. In: M.A. Borowitzka,
J. Beardall and J.A. Raven (eds.). The Physiology of Microalgae. Springer, Dordrecht.
Borowitzka, M.A. and L.J. Borowitzka. 1988a. Dunaliella. pp. 27–58. In: M.A. Borowitzka and L.J. Borowitzka (eds.).
Micro-algal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Borowitzka, M.A. and L.J. Borowitzka. 1988b. Limits to growth and carotenogenesis in laboratory and large-scale outdoor
cultures of Dunaliella salina. pp. 371–381. In: T. Stadler, J. Mollion, M.C. Verdus, Y. Karamanos, H. Morvan and
D. Christiaen (eds.). Algal Biotechnology. Elsevier Applied Science, Barking.
Borowitzka, M.A., L.J. Borowitzka and D. Kessly. 1990. Effects of salinity increase on carotenoid accumulation in the green
alga Dunaliella salina. J. Appl. Phycol. 2: 111–119.
Borowitzka, M.A., J.M. Huisman and A. Osborn. 1991. Culture of the astaxanthin-producing green alga Haematococcus
pluvialis 1. Effects of nutrients on growth and cell type. J. Appl. Phycol. 3: 295–304.
Borowitzka, M.A. and N.R. Moheimani (eds.). 2013. Algae for Biofuels and Energy. Springer, Dordrecht.
Borowitzka, M.A. and A. Vonshak. 2017. Scaling up microalgal cultures to commercial scale. Eur. J. Phycol. 52: 407–418.
Boussiba, S. and A. Vonshak. 1991. Astaxanthin accumulation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Plant Cell Physiol.
32: 1077–1082.
Bowles, R.D., A.E. Hunt, G.B. Bremer, M.G. Duchars and R.A. Eaton. 1999. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid
production by members of the marine protistan group the thraustochytrids: screening of isolates and optimisation of
docosahexaenoic acid production. J. Biotechnol. 70: 193–202.
Boyle, N. and J. Morgan. 2009. Flux balance analysis of primary metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BMC Systems
Biology 3: 4.
Britto, D.T. and H.J. Kronzucker. 2002. NH4+ toxicity in higher plants: a critical review. J. Plant Physiol. 159: 567–584.
Britton, G. 1988. Biosynthesis of carotenoids. pp. 133–182. In: T.W. Goodwin (ed.). Plant Pigments. Academic Press, NY.
Brunet, C. and J. Lavaud. 2010. Can the xanthophyll cycle help extract the essence of the microalgal functional response to
a variable light environment? J. Plankton Res. 32: 1609–1617.
Burczyk, J. and E. Loos. 1995. Cell wall-bound enzymatic activities in Chlorella and Scenedesmus. J. Plant Physiol. 146:
748–750.
Cadenus, E. 2005. Biochemistry of oxygen toxicity. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58: 79–110.
Carvalho, A. and F.X. Malcata. 2005. Optimization of ω-3 fatty acid production by microalgae: crossover effects of CO 2 and
light intensity under batch and continuous cultivation modes. Mar. Biotechnol. 7: 381–388.
Carvalho, A.P., I. Pontes, H. Gaspar and F.X. Malcata. 2006. Metabolic relationships between macro- and micronutrients, and
the eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents of Pavlova lutheri. Enzyme. Microb. Technol. 38: 358–366.
Carvalho, A.P., C.M. Monteiro and F.X. Malcata. 2009. Simultaneous effect of irradiance and temperature on biochemical
composition of the microalga Pavlova lutheri. J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 543–552.
Chang, R.L., L. Ghamsari, A. Manichaikul, E.F.Y. Hom, S. Balaji, W. Fu, Y. Shen, T. Hao, B.O. Palsson, K. Salehi-Ashtiani
and J.A. Papin. 2011. Metabolic network reconstruction of Chlamydomonas offers insight into light-driven algal
metabolism. Mol. Syst. Biol. 7: 518.
Cheirsilp, B. and S. Torpee. 2012. Enhanced growth and lipid production of microalgae under mixotrophic culture condition:
Effect of light intensity, glucose concentration and fed-batch cultivation. Bioresour. Technol. 110: 510–516.
Chen, F. and M.R. Johns. 1991. Effect of C/N ratio and aeration on the fatty acid composition of heterotrophic Chlorella
sorokiniana. J. Appl. Phycol. 3: 203–209.
Borowitzka, L.J., M.A. Borowitzka and T. Moulton. 1984. The mass culture of Dunaliella: from laboratory to pilot plant.
Hydrobiologia 116/117: 115–121.
Borowitzka, L.J., T.P. Moulton and M.A. Borowitzka. 1985. Salinity and the commercial production of beta-carotene from
Dunaliella salina. Nova Hedwigia, Beih. 81:217–222.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1988a. Algal growth media and sources of cultures. pp. 456–465. In: M.A. Borowitzka and L.J. Borowitzka
(eds.). Micro-algal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1988b. Fats, oils and hydrocarbons. pp. 257–287. In: M.A. Borowitzka and L.J. Borowitzka (eds.). Microalgal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1992. Comparing carotenogenesis in Dunaliella and Haematococcus: Implications for commercial production
strategies. pp. 301–310. In: T.G. Villa and J. Abalde (eds.). Profiles on Biotechnology. Universidade de Santiago de
Compostela, Santiago de Compostela.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1995. The biotechnology of microalgal carotenoid production. pp. 149–151. In: J.P. Aubert and P.M.V.
Martin (eds.). Microbes, Environment, Biotechnology. Abstracts, Colloques Internationaux de L’annee Pasteur. Institut
Louis Malarde, Papeete, Tahiti.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1997. Algae for aquaculture: Opportunities and constraints. J. Appl. Phycol. 9: 393–401.
Borowitzka, M.A. 1998. Limits to growth. pp. 203–226. In: Y.S. Wong and N.F.Y. Tam (eds.). Wastewater Treatment with
Algae. Springer-Verlag Berlin
Borowitzka, M.A. 2010. Carotenoid production using microorganisms. pp. 225–240. In: Z. Cohen and C. Ratledge (eds.).
Single Cell Oils. Microbial and Algal Oils. AOCS Press, Urbana.
Borowitzka, M.A. 2013a. High-value products from microalgae—their development and commercialisation. J. Appl. Phycol.
Borowitzka, M.A. 2013b. Strain selection. pp. 77–89. In: M.A. Borowitzka and N.R. Moheimani (eds.). Algae for Biofuels
and Energy. Springer, Dordrecht.
Borowitzka M.A. 2016. Algal physiology and large-scale outdoor cultures of microalgae. pp. 601–652. In: M.A. Borowitzka,
J. Beardall and J.A. Raven (eds.). The Physiology of Microalgae. Springer, Dordrecht.
Borowitzka, M.A. and L.J. Borowitzka. 1988a. Dunaliella. pp. 27–58. In: M.A. Borowitzka and L.J. Borowitzka (eds.).
Micro-algal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Borowitzka, M.A. and L.J. Borowitzka. 1988b. Limits to growth and carotenogenesis in laboratory and large-scale outdoor
cultures of Dunaliella salina. pp. 371–381. In: T. Stadler, J. Mollion, M.C. Verdus, Y. Karamanos, H. Morvan and
D. Christiaen (eds.). Algal Biotechnology. Elsevier Applied Science, Barking.
Borowitzka, M.A., L.J. Borowitzka and D. Kessly. 1990. Effects of salinity increase on carotenoid accumulation in the green
alga Dunaliella salina. J. Appl. Phycol. 2: 111–119.
Borowitzka, M.A., J.M. Huisman and A. Osborn. 1991. Culture of the astaxanthin-producing green alga Haematococcus
pluvialis 1. Effects of nutrients on growth and cell type. J. Appl. Phycol. 3: 295–304.
Borowitzka, M.A. and N.R. Moheimani (eds.). 2013. Algae for Biofuels and Energy. Springer, Dordrecht.
Borowitzka, M.A. and A. Vonshak. 2017. Scaling up microalgal cultures to commercial scale. Eur. J. Phycol. 52: 407–418.
Boussiba, S. and A. Vonshak. 1991. Astaxanthin accumulation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. Plant Cell Physiol.
32: 1077–1082.
Bowles, R.D., A.E. Hunt, G.B. Bremer, M.G. Duchars and R.A. Eaton. 1999. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid
production by members of the marine protistan group the thraustochytrids: screening of isolates and optimisation of
docosahexaenoic acid production. J. Biotechnol. 70: 193–202.
Boyle, N. and J. Morgan. 2009. Flux balance analysis of primary metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BMC Systems
Biology 3: 4.
Britto, D.T. and H.J. Kronzucker. 2002. NH4+ toxicity in higher plants: a critical review. J. Plant Physiol. 159: 567–584.
Britton, G. 1988. Biosynthesis of carotenoids. pp. 133–182. In: T.W. Goodwin (ed.). Plant Pigments. Academic Press, NY.
Brunet, C. and J. Lavaud. 2010. Can the xanthophyll cycle help extract the essence of the microalgal functional response to
a variable light environment? J. Plankton Res. 32: 1609–1617.
Burczyk, J. and E. Loos. 1995. Cell wall-bound enzymatic activities in Chlorella and Scenedesmus. J. Plant Physiol. 146:
748–750.
Cadenus, E. 2005. Biochemistry of oxygen toxicity. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58: 79–110.
Carvalho, A. and F.X. Malcata. 2005. Optimization of ω-3 fatty acid production by microalgae: crossover effects of CO 2 and
light intensity under batch and continuous cultivation modes. Mar. Biotechnol. 7: 381–388.
Carvalho, A.P., I. Pontes, H. Gaspar and F.X. Malcata. 2006. Metabolic relationships between macro- and micronutrients, and
the eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents of Pavlova lutheri. Enzyme. Microb. Technol. 38: 358–366.
Carvalho, A.P., C.M. Monteiro and F.X. Malcata. 2009. Simultaneous effect of irradiance and temperature on biochemical
composition of the microalga Pavlova lutheri. J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 543–552.
Chang, R.L., L. Ghamsari, A. Manichaikul, E.F.Y. Hom, S. Balaji, W. Fu, Y. Shen, T. Hao, B.O. Palsson, K. Salehi-Ashtiani
and J.A. Papin. 2011. Metabolic network reconstruction of Chlamydomonas offers insight into light-driven algal
metabolism. Mol. Syst. Biol. 7: 518.
Cheirsilp, B. and S. Torpee. 2012. Enhanced growth and lipid production of microalgae under mixotrophic culture condition:
Effect of light intensity, glucose concentration and fed-batch cultivation. Bioresour. Technol. 110: 510–516.
Chen, F. and M.R. Johns. 1991. Effect of C/N ratio and aeration on the fatty acid composition of heterotrophic Chlorella
sorokiniana. J. Appl. Phycol. 3: 203–209.