264 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
FEDER-016640, coordinated by author F.X.M., and funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020—
Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI), and by national funds through
FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P.
References
Abreu, F.R., M.B. Alves and C.C.S. Macedo. 2005. New multi-phase catalytic systems based on tin compounds active for
vegetable oil transesterification reaction. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 227: 263–267.
Aino, M.L., O.H. Tuovinen and J.A. Puhakka. 2013. Anaerobic conversion of microalgal biomass to sustainable energy
carriers—a review. Bioresour. Technol. 135: 222–231.
Akkerman, I., M. Janssen, J. Rocha and R.H. Wijffels. 2002. Photobiological hydrogen production: photochemical efficiency
and bioreactor design. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 27: 1195–1208.
Akoh, C.C., S.W. Chang, G.C. Lee and J.F. Shaw. 2007. Enzymatic approach to biodiesel production. J. Agric. Food Chem.
55: 8995–9005.
Amaro, H.M., A.C. Guedes and F.X. Malcata. 2011. Advances and perspectives in using microalgae to produce biodiesel.
Appl. Energ. 88: 3402–3410.
Ami, S., E. Doron, B.G. Amicam, C. Hilla, E. Shai and G. Jonathan. 2012. Inexpensive non-toxic flocculation of microalgae
contradicts theories; overcoming a major hurdle to bulk algal production. Biotechnol. Adv. 30: 1023–1030.
Andersen, T. and F.O. Andersen. 2006. Effects of CO 2 concentration on growth of filamentous algae and Littorellauniflora in
a Danish softwater lake. Aquat. Bot. 84: 267–271.
Andrich, G., A. Zinnai, U. Nesti, F. Venturi and R. Fiorentini. 2006. Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from microalgae
Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis. Acta Aliment. 35: 195–203.
Angelis, L.D., P. Rise, F. Giavarini, C. Galli, C.L. Bolis and M.L. Colombo. 2005. Marine microalgae analyzed by mass
spectrometry are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Mass Spectroscopy 40: 1605–1608.
Antolin, G., F.V. Tinaut, Y. Briceno, V. Castano, C. Perez and A.I. Ramiez. 2002. Optimisation of biodiesel production by
sunflower oil transesterification. Bioresour. Technol. 83: 111–114.
Apt, K.E. and P.W. Behrens. 1999. Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. J. Phycol. 35: 215–226.
Araujo, G.S., L.J.B.L. Matos, L.R.B. Goncalves, F.A.N. Fernandes and V.R.L. Farias. 2011. Bioprospecting for oil
producing microalgal strains: evaluation of oil and biomass production for ten microalgal strains. Bioresour. Technol.
102: 5248–5250.
Bai, F.W., W.A. Anderson and M.M. Young. 2008. Ethanol fermentation technologies from sugar and starch feedstocks.
Biotechnol. Adv. 26: 89–105.
Balasubramanian, S., J.D. Allen, A. Kanitkar and D. Boldor. 2010. Oil extraction from Scenedesmus obliquus using a continuous
microwave system-design, optimization, and quality characterization. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 3396–3403.
Barbosa, M.J., M. Janssen, N. Ham, J. Tramper and R.H. Wijffels. 2003. Microalgae cultivation in air-lift reactors: modeling
biomass yield and growth rate as a function of mixing frequency. Biotechnlo. Bioeng. 82: 170–179.
Barnwal, B.K. and M.P. Sharma. 2005. Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India. Renew. Sust. Energ.
Rev. 9: 363–78.
Barros, A.I., A.L. Gonçalves, M. Simões and J.C.M. Pires. 2015. Harvesting techniques applied to microalgae: a review.
Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 41: 1489–1500.
Bartley, M.L., W.J. Boeing, B.N. Dungan, F.O. Holguin and T. Schaub. 2014. pH effects on growth and lipid accumulation of
the biofuel microalgae Nannochloropsis salina and invading organisms. J. Appl. Phycol. 26: 1431–1437.
Becker, E.W. 1994. Large-scale cultivation. pp. 63–171. In: E.W. Becker (ed.). Microalgae: Biotechnology and Microbiology.
Cambridge University Press, New York.
Belarbi, E.H., E. Molina and Y. Chisti. 2000. A process for high yield and scaleable recovery of high purity eicosapentaenoic
acid esters from microalgae and fish oil. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 26: 516–529.
Belay, A., T. Kato and Y. Ota. 1996. Spirulina. (Arthrospira): potential application as an animal feed supplement. J. Appl.
Phycol. 8: 303–311.
Beltran, F.J. 2004. Ozone reaction kinetics for water and wastewater systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Benemann, J.R. and W.J. Oswald. 1996. Systems and Economic Analysis of Microalgae Ponds for Conversion of CO 2 to
Biomass. US Department of Energy, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Centre.
Benerjee, A., R. Sharma, Y. Chisti and U.C. Banerjee. 2002. Botryococcus braunii: a renewable source of hydrocarbons and
other chemicals. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 22: 245–279.
Benoufella, F., A. Laplanche, V. Boisdon and M.M. Bourbigot. 1994. Elimination of Microcystis cyanobacteria (blue-greenalgae) by an ozoflotation process a pilot plant study. Water Sci. Technol. 30: 245–257.
Besada, V., J.M. Andrade, F. Schultze and J.J. Gonzalez. 2009. Heavy metals in edible seaweeds commercialised for human
consumption. J. Marine Syst. 75: 305–313.
Bhatti, H.N., M.A. Hanif, M. Qasim and A. Rehman. 2008. Biodiesel production from waste tallow. Fuel 87: 2961–2966.
Bilanovic, D., A. Andargatchew, T. Kroeger and G. Shelef. 2009. Freshwater and marine microalgae sequestering of CO 2
at different C and N concentrations response surface methodology analysis. Energy Convers. Manage. 50: 262–267.
FEDER-016640, coordinated by author F.X.M., and funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020—
Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI), and by national funds through
FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P.
References
Abreu, F.R., M.B. Alves and C.C.S. Macedo. 2005. New multi-phase catalytic systems based on tin compounds active for
vegetable oil transesterification reaction. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 227: 263–267.
Aino, M.L., O.H. Tuovinen and J.A. Puhakka. 2013. Anaerobic conversion of microalgal biomass to sustainable energy
carriers—a review. Bioresour. Technol. 135: 222–231.
Akkerman, I., M. Janssen, J. Rocha and R.H. Wijffels. 2002. Photobiological hydrogen production: photochemical efficiency
and bioreactor design. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 27: 1195–1208.
Akoh, C.C., S.W. Chang, G.C. Lee and J.F. Shaw. 2007. Enzymatic approach to biodiesel production. J. Agric. Food Chem.
55: 8995–9005.
Amaro, H.M., A.C. Guedes and F.X. Malcata. 2011. Advances and perspectives in using microalgae to produce biodiesel.
Appl. Energ. 88: 3402–3410.
Ami, S., E. Doron, B.G. Amicam, C. Hilla, E. Shai and G. Jonathan. 2012. Inexpensive non-toxic flocculation of microalgae
contradicts theories; overcoming a major hurdle to bulk algal production. Biotechnol. Adv. 30: 1023–1030.
Andersen, T. and F.O. Andersen. 2006. Effects of CO 2 concentration on growth of filamentous algae and Littorellauniflora in
a Danish softwater lake. Aquat. Bot. 84: 267–271.
Andrich, G., A. Zinnai, U. Nesti, F. Venturi and R. Fiorentini. 2006. Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from microalgae
Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis. Acta Aliment. 35: 195–203.
Angelis, L.D., P. Rise, F. Giavarini, C. Galli, C.L. Bolis and M.L. Colombo. 2005. Marine microalgae analyzed by mass
spectrometry are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Mass Spectroscopy 40: 1605–1608.
Antolin, G., F.V. Tinaut, Y. Briceno, V. Castano, C. Perez and A.I. Ramiez. 2002. Optimisation of biodiesel production by
sunflower oil transesterification. Bioresour. Technol. 83: 111–114.
Apt, K.E. and P.W. Behrens. 1999. Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. J. Phycol. 35: 215–226.
Araujo, G.S., L.J.B.L. Matos, L.R.B. Goncalves, F.A.N. Fernandes and V.R.L. Farias. 2011. Bioprospecting for oil
producing microalgal strains: evaluation of oil and biomass production for ten microalgal strains. Bioresour. Technol.
102: 5248–5250.
Bai, F.W., W.A. Anderson and M.M. Young. 2008. Ethanol fermentation technologies from sugar and starch feedstocks.
Biotechnol. Adv. 26: 89–105.
Balasubramanian, S., J.D. Allen, A. Kanitkar and D. Boldor. 2010. Oil extraction from Scenedesmus obliquus using a continuous
microwave system-design, optimization, and quality characterization. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 3396–3403.
Barbosa, M.J., M. Janssen, N. Ham, J. Tramper and R.H. Wijffels. 2003. Microalgae cultivation in air-lift reactors: modeling
biomass yield and growth rate as a function of mixing frequency. Biotechnlo. Bioeng. 82: 170–179.
Barnwal, B.K. and M.P. Sharma. 2005. Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India. Renew. Sust. Energ.
Rev. 9: 363–78.
Barros, A.I., A.L. Gonçalves, M. Simões and J.C.M. Pires. 2015. Harvesting techniques applied to microalgae: a review.
Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 41: 1489–1500.
Bartley, M.L., W.J. Boeing, B.N. Dungan, F.O. Holguin and T. Schaub. 2014. pH effects on growth and lipid accumulation of
the biofuel microalgae Nannochloropsis salina and invading organisms. J. Appl. Phycol. 26: 1431–1437.
Becker, E.W. 1994. Large-scale cultivation. pp. 63–171. In: E.W. Becker (ed.). Microalgae: Biotechnology and Microbiology.
Cambridge University Press, New York.
Belarbi, E.H., E. Molina and Y. Chisti. 2000. A process for high yield and scaleable recovery of high purity eicosapentaenoic
acid esters from microalgae and fish oil. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 26: 516–529.
Belay, A., T. Kato and Y. Ota. 1996. Spirulina. (Arthrospira): potential application as an animal feed supplement. J. Appl.
Phycol. 8: 303–311.
Beltran, F.J. 2004. Ozone reaction kinetics for water and wastewater systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Benemann, J.R. and W.J. Oswald. 1996. Systems and Economic Analysis of Microalgae Ponds for Conversion of CO 2 to
Biomass. US Department of Energy, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Centre.
Benerjee, A., R. Sharma, Y. Chisti and U.C. Banerjee. 2002. Botryococcus braunii: a renewable source of hydrocarbons and
other chemicals. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 22: 245–279.
Benoufella, F., A. Laplanche, V. Boisdon and M.M. Bourbigot. 1994. Elimination of Microcystis cyanobacteria (blue-greenalgae) by an ozoflotation process a pilot plant study. Water Sci. Technol. 30: 245–257.
Besada, V., J.M. Andrade, F. Schultze and J.J. Gonzalez. 2009. Heavy metals in edible seaweeds commercialised for human
consumption. J. Marine Syst. 75: 305–313.
Bhatti, H.N., M.A. Hanif, M. Qasim and A. Rehman. 2008. Biodiesel production from waste tallow. Fuel 87: 2961–2966.
Bilanovic, D., A. Andargatchew, T. Kroeger and G. Shelef. 2009. Freshwater and marine microalgae sequestering of CO 2
at different C and N concentrations response surface methodology analysis. Energy Convers. Manage. 50: 262–267.