Integrated Multitrophic Aquaculture: An Overview 245
Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by the Structured R&D&I Project INNOVMAR – “Innovation
and Sustainability in the Management and Exploitation of Marine Resources” (ref. NORTE-01-0145FEDER-000035) within the research line “INSEAFOOD – Innovation and valorization of seafood
products: meeting local challenges and opportunities”, founded by the Portuguese Northern Regional
Operational Programme (NORTE 2020) through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); and
also by the project GENIALG - GENetic diversity exploitation for Innovative macro-ALGal biorefinery,
funded by H2020 (EC Grant agreement no: 727892).
References
Abreu, M.H., D.A. Varela, L. Henríquez, A. Villarroel, C. Yarish, I. Sousa-Pinto and A.H. Buschmann. 2009. Traditional vs.
integrated multi-trophic aquaculture of Gracilaria chilensis CJ Bird, J. McLachlan and EC Oliveira: productivity and
physiological performance. Aquaculture 293(3): 211–220.
Abreu, M.H., R. Pereira, C. Yarish, A.H. Buschmann and I. Sousa-Pinto. 2011. IMTA with Gracilaria vermiculophylla:
Productivity and nutrient removal performance of the seaweed in a land-based pilot scale system. Aquaculture
312(1-4): 77–87.
Ahn, O., R.J. Petrell and P.J. Harrison. 1998. Ammonium and nitrate uptake by Laminaria saccharina and Nereocystis luetkeana
originating from a salmon sea cage farm. J. Appl. Phycol. 10(4): 333–340.
Alongi, D.M., D.J. Johnston and T.T. Xuan. 2000. Carbon and nitrogen budgets in shrimp ponds of extensive mixed shrimp–
mangrove forestry farms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Aquac. Res. 31: 387–399.
Barrington, K. et al. 2010. Social aspects of the sustainability of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. Aquacult. Int.
18(2): 201–211.
Bikker, P., M.M. van Krimpen, P. van Wikselaar, B. Houweling-Tan, N. Scaccia, J.W. van Hal, W.J. Huijgen, J.W. Cone and
A.M. López-Contreras. 2016. Biorefinery of the green seaweed Ulva lactuca to produce animal feed, chemicals and
biofuels. J. Appl. Phycol. 28(6): 3511–3525.
Binh, C.T., M.J. Phillips and H. Demaine. 1997. Integrated shrimp–mangrove farming systems in the Mekong Delta of
Vietnam Aquac. Res. 28: 599–610.
Broch, O.J., I.H. Ellingsen, S. Forbord, X. Wang, Z. Volent, M.O. Alver, A. Handå, K. Andresen, D. Slagstad, K.I. Reitan
and Y. Olsen. 2013. Modelling the cultivation and bioremediation potential of the kelp Saccharina latissima in close
proximity to an exposed salmon farm in Norway. Aquac Environ Interact. 4(2): 187–206.
Buschmann, A.H., O.A. Mora, P. Gómez, M. Böttger, S. Buitano, C. Retamales, P.A. Vergara and A. Gutierrez. 1994. Gracilaria
chilensis outdoor tank cultivation in Chile: Use of land-based salmon culture effluents. Aquac. Eng. 13: 283–300.
Buschmann, A.H., M. Troell, N. Kautsky and L. Kautsky. 1996. Integrated tank cultivation of salmonids and Gracilaria
chilensis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Hydrobiologia 326-327(1): 75–82.
Buschmann, A.H., D.A. López and A. Medina. 1996. A review of the environmental effects and alternative production strategies
of marine aquaculture in Chile. Aquac. Eng. 15: 397–421.
Chopin, T. 2006. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. Northern Aquaculture 12(4): 4.
Chopin, T. 2013. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Ancient, Adaptable Concept Focuses On Ecological Integration. Global
Aquaculture Advocate March/April, 16–19.
Chopin, T. 2015. Marine aquaculture in Canada: Well-established monocultures of finfish and shellfish and an emerging
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) approach including seaweeds, other invertebrates, and microbial
communities. Fisheries 40(1): 28–31.
Chopin, T. 2017. Challenges of moving integrated multi-trophic aquaculture along the R&D and commercialization continuum
in the western world. J. Ocean Techno. 112: 34–47.
Chopin, T., C. Yarish, R. Wilkes, E. Belyea, S. Lu and A. Mathieson. 1999. Developing Porphyra/salmon integrated aquaculture
for bioremediation and diversification of the aquaculture industry. J. Appl. Phycol. 11(5): 463.
Chow, F., J. Macchiavello, S. Cruz, E. Fonck and J. Olivares. 2001. Utilization of Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta:
Gracilariaceae) as a biofilter in the depuration of effluents from tank cultures of fish, oysters, and sea urchins. J. World
Aquacult. Soc. 32(2): 215–220.
Cohen, I. and A. Neori. 1991. Ulva lactuca biofilters for marine fishpond effluents. I. Ammonia uptake kinetics and nitrogen
content. Bot. Mar. 34: 475–482.
del Río, M.J., Z. Ramazanov and G. García-Reina. 1996. Ulva rigida (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) tank culture as biofilters for
dissolved inorganic nitrogen from fishpond effluents. In Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium, 61–66. Springer
Netherlands.
Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by the Structured R&D&I Project INNOVMAR – “Innovation
and Sustainability in the Management and Exploitation of Marine Resources” (ref. NORTE-01-0145FEDER-000035) within the research line “INSEAFOOD – Innovation and valorization of seafood
products: meeting local challenges and opportunities”, founded by the Portuguese Northern Regional
Operational Programme (NORTE 2020) through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF); and
also by the project GENIALG - GENetic diversity exploitation for Innovative macro-ALGal biorefinery,
funded by H2020 (EC Grant agreement no: 727892).
References
Abreu, M.H., D.A. Varela, L. Henríquez, A. Villarroel, C. Yarish, I. Sousa-Pinto and A.H. Buschmann. 2009. Traditional vs.
integrated multi-trophic aquaculture of Gracilaria chilensis CJ Bird, J. McLachlan and EC Oliveira: productivity and
physiological performance. Aquaculture 293(3): 211–220.
Abreu, M.H., R. Pereira, C. Yarish, A.H. Buschmann and I. Sousa-Pinto. 2011. IMTA with Gracilaria vermiculophylla:
Productivity and nutrient removal performance of the seaweed in a land-based pilot scale system. Aquaculture
312(1-4): 77–87.
Ahn, O., R.J. Petrell and P.J. Harrison. 1998. Ammonium and nitrate uptake by Laminaria saccharina and Nereocystis luetkeana
originating from a salmon sea cage farm. J. Appl. Phycol. 10(4): 333–340.
Alongi, D.M., D.J. Johnston and T.T. Xuan. 2000. Carbon and nitrogen budgets in shrimp ponds of extensive mixed shrimp–
mangrove forestry farms in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Aquac. Res. 31: 387–399.
Barrington, K. et al. 2010. Social aspects of the sustainability of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. Aquacult. Int.
18(2): 201–211.
Bikker, P., M.M. van Krimpen, P. van Wikselaar, B. Houweling-Tan, N. Scaccia, J.W. van Hal, W.J. Huijgen, J.W. Cone and
A.M. López-Contreras. 2016. Biorefinery of the green seaweed Ulva lactuca to produce animal feed, chemicals and
biofuels. J. Appl. Phycol. 28(6): 3511–3525.
Binh, C.T., M.J. Phillips and H. Demaine. 1997. Integrated shrimp–mangrove farming systems in the Mekong Delta of
Vietnam Aquac. Res. 28: 599–610.
Broch, O.J., I.H. Ellingsen, S. Forbord, X. Wang, Z. Volent, M.O. Alver, A. Handå, K. Andresen, D. Slagstad, K.I. Reitan
and Y. Olsen. 2013. Modelling the cultivation and bioremediation potential of the kelp Saccharina latissima in close
proximity to an exposed salmon farm in Norway. Aquac Environ Interact. 4(2): 187–206.
Buschmann, A.H., O.A. Mora, P. Gómez, M. Böttger, S. Buitano, C. Retamales, P.A. Vergara and A. Gutierrez. 1994. Gracilaria
chilensis outdoor tank cultivation in Chile: Use of land-based salmon culture effluents. Aquac. Eng. 13: 283–300.
Buschmann, A.H., M. Troell, N. Kautsky and L. Kautsky. 1996. Integrated tank cultivation of salmonids and Gracilaria
chilensis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Hydrobiologia 326-327(1): 75–82.
Buschmann, A.H., D.A. López and A. Medina. 1996. A review of the environmental effects and alternative production strategies
of marine aquaculture in Chile. Aquac. Eng. 15: 397–421.
Chopin, T. 2006. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. Northern Aquaculture 12(4): 4.
Chopin, T. 2013. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Ancient, Adaptable Concept Focuses On Ecological Integration. Global
Aquaculture Advocate March/April, 16–19.
Chopin, T. 2015. Marine aquaculture in Canada: Well-established monocultures of finfish and shellfish and an emerging
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) approach including seaweeds, other invertebrates, and microbial
communities. Fisheries 40(1): 28–31.
Chopin, T. 2017. Challenges of moving integrated multi-trophic aquaculture along the R&D and commercialization continuum
in the western world. J. Ocean Techno. 112: 34–47.
Chopin, T., C. Yarish, R. Wilkes, E. Belyea, S. Lu and A. Mathieson. 1999. Developing Porphyra/salmon integrated aquaculture
for bioremediation and diversification of the aquaculture industry. J. Appl. Phycol. 11(5): 463.
Chow, F., J. Macchiavello, S. Cruz, E. Fonck and J. Olivares. 2001. Utilization of Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta:
Gracilariaceae) as a biofilter in the depuration of effluents from tank cultures of fish, oysters, and sea urchins. J. World
Aquacult. Soc. 32(2): 215–220.
Cohen, I. and A. Neori. 1991. Ulva lactuca biofilters for marine fishpond effluents. I. Ammonia uptake kinetics and nitrogen
content. Bot. Mar. 34: 475–482.
del Río, M.J., Z. Ramazanov and G. García-Reina. 1996. Ulva rigida (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) tank culture as biofilters for
dissolved inorganic nitrogen from fishpond effluents. In Fifteenth International Seaweed Symposium, 61–66. Springer
Netherlands.