158 Marine Macro- and Microalgae: An Overview
respectively. The chemical shifts of all carbon atoms, as well as the anomeric protons are reported
relative to DSS internal standard (δ = 0.000 ppm) according to IUPAC recommendations (Table 7)
(Harris et al. 2001).
Acknowledgements
This work had the support of “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” (FCT), through the strategic project
UID/MAR/04292/2013 granted to MARE.
References
Anderson, N.S. and D.A. Rees. 1965. Porphyran: a polysaccharide with a masked repeating structure. J. Chem. Soc.
0: 5880–5887.
Anderson, N.S., T.C.S. Dolan and D.A. Rees. 1965. Evidence for a common structural pattern in polysaccharide sulphates of
Rhodophyceae. Nature 205(4976): 1060–1068.
Armisen, R. 1995. World-wide use and importance of Gracilaria. J. Appl. Phycol. 7(3): 231–243.
Armisen, R. and F. Galatas. 2000. Agar. pp. 21–40. In: G. Phillips and P. Williams (eds.). Handbook of Hydrocolloids. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Bixler, H.J. and H. Porse. 2011. A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. J. Appl. Phycol. 3(23): 321–335.
Cardoso, S.M., L.G. Carvalho, P.J. Silva, M.S. Rodrigues, R.O. Pereira and L. Pereira. 2014. Bioproducts from seaweeds: a
review with special focus on the Iberian Peninsula. Current Organic Chemistry 18(7): 896–917.
Chiovitti, A., A. Bacic, D.J. Craik, G.T. Kraft, M.-L. Liao, R.H. Falshaw and R.H. Furneaux. 1998. Carbohydr. Res. 310: 77–83.
Chopin, T. and E. Whalen. 1993. A new and rapid method for carrageenan identification by FT-IR diffuse-reflectance
spectroscopy directly on dried, ground algal material. Carbohydr. Res. 246: 51–59.
Chopin, T. 2006. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. What it is, and why you should care… and don‘t confuse it with
polyculture. Northern Aquaculture 12: 4.
Craigie, J.S. 1990. Cell walls. pp. 221–257. In: K.M. Cole and R.G. Sheath (eds.). Biology of the Red Algae. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Dhargalkar, V.K. and N. Pereira. 2005. Seaweeds: promising plants of the millennium. Science and Culture 71: 60–66.
Draget, K.I., O. Smidsrød and S. Skjåk-Broek. 2004. Alginates from algae. pp. 215–224. In: S.D. Baets, E. Vandamme and
A. Steinbüchel (eds.). Polysaccharides II: Polysaccharides from Eukaryotes (Biopolymers, Vol. 6). Wiley-Blackwell,
Weinheim.
Dyrby, M., R.V. Petersen, B. Larsen, B. Rudolph, L. Norgaard and S.B. Engelsen. 2004. Towards on-line monitoring of the
composition of commercial carrageenan powders. Carbohydrate Polymers 57(3): 337–348.
Falshaw, R.H. and R.H. Furneaux. 1995. Carbohydr. Res. 276: 155–165.
Furtado, M.R. 1999. Alta Lucratividade Atrai Investidores em Hidrocolóides. Química e Derivados 377: 20–29.
Givernaud, T., N. Sqali, O. Barbaroux, A. Orbi, Y. Semmaoui, N.E. Rezzoum, A. Mouradi and R. Kaas. 2005. Mapping and
biomass estimation for a harvested population of Gelidium sesquipedale (Rhodophyta, Gelidiales) along the Atlantic
coast of Morocco. Phycologia 44: 66–71.
Givernaud, T. and A. Mouradi. 2006. Seaweed resources of Morocco. In: A.T. Critchley, M. Ohno and D.B. Largo (eds.).
World Seaweed Resources—An Authoritative Reference System V1.0, ETI Information Services Ltd. Hybrid Windows
and Mac DVD-ROM.
Guiry, M.D. and G. Blunden. 1991. Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Harris, R.K., E.D. Becker, S.M. Cabral de Menezes, R. Goodfellow and P. Granger. 2001. NMR nomenclature. Nuclear spin
properties and conventions for chemical shifts (IUPAC recommendations 2001). Pure Appl. Chem. 73(11): 1795–1818.
Hayashi, L., A.G. Hurtado, F.E. Msuya, G. Bleicher-Lhonneur and A.T. Critchley. 2010. A review of Kappaphycus farming:
Prospects and constraints. pp. 251–283. In: J. Seckbach (ed.). Seaweeds and Their Role in Globally Changing
Environments (Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology). Springer, Netherlands.
Hurtado, A.Q., P.-E. Lim, J. Tan, S.-M. Phang, I.C. Neish and A.T. Critchley. 2016. Biodiversity and biogeography of commercial
tropical carrageenophytes in the Southeast Asian region. pp. 51–74. In: L. Pereira (ed.). Carrageenans: Sources and
Extraction Methods, Molecular Structure, Bioactive Properties and Health Effects. Nova Science Publisher, N.Y.
Ioannou, E. and V. Roussis. 2009. Natural products from seaweeds. pp. 51–81. In: A.E. Osbourn and V. Lanzotti (eds.). Plant
Derived Natural Products: Synthesis, Function, and Application. Springer US, NY.
Jiao, G., G. Yu, J. Zhang and H.S. Ewart. 2011. Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine
algae. Marine Drugs 9: 196–223.
Knutsen, S.H., D.E. Myslabodski, B. Larsen and A.I. Usov. 1994. A modified system of nomenclature for red algal galactans.
Bot. Mar. 37(2): 163–169.
Krisler, A.V. 2006. Seaweed resources of Chile. In: A.T. Critchley, M. Ohno and D.B. Largo (eds.). World Seaweed Resources
—An Authoritative Reference System V1.0, ETI Information Services Ltd. Hybrid Windows and Mac DVD-ROM.
Lahaye, M. 2001. Chemistry and physico-chemistry of phycocolloids. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 42(1-2): 137–157.
respectively. The chemical shifts of all carbon atoms, as well as the anomeric protons are reported
relative to DSS internal standard (δ = 0.000 ppm) according to IUPAC recommendations (Table 7)
(Harris et al. 2001).
Acknowledgements
This work had the support of “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” (FCT), through the strategic project
UID/MAR/04292/2013 granted to MARE.
References
Anderson, N.S. and D.A. Rees. 1965. Porphyran: a polysaccharide with a masked repeating structure. J. Chem. Soc.
0: 5880–5887.
Anderson, N.S., T.C.S. Dolan and D.A. Rees. 1965. Evidence for a common structural pattern in polysaccharide sulphates of
Rhodophyceae. Nature 205(4976): 1060–1068.
Armisen, R. 1995. World-wide use and importance of Gracilaria. J. Appl. Phycol. 7(3): 231–243.
Armisen, R. and F. Galatas. 2000. Agar. pp. 21–40. In: G. Phillips and P. Williams (eds.). Handbook of Hydrocolloids. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Bixler, H.J. and H. Porse. 2011. A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. J. Appl. Phycol. 3(23): 321–335.
Cardoso, S.M., L.G. Carvalho, P.J. Silva, M.S. Rodrigues, R.O. Pereira and L. Pereira. 2014. Bioproducts from seaweeds: a
review with special focus on the Iberian Peninsula. Current Organic Chemistry 18(7): 896–917.
Chiovitti, A., A. Bacic, D.J. Craik, G.T. Kraft, M.-L. Liao, R.H. Falshaw and R.H. Furneaux. 1998. Carbohydr. Res. 310: 77–83.
Chopin, T. and E. Whalen. 1993. A new and rapid method for carrageenan identification by FT-IR diffuse-reflectance
spectroscopy directly on dried, ground algal material. Carbohydr. Res. 246: 51–59.
Chopin, T. 2006. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture. What it is, and why you should care… and don‘t confuse it with
polyculture. Northern Aquaculture 12: 4.
Craigie, J.S. 1990. Cell walls. pp. 221–257. In: K.M. Cole and R.G. Sheath (eds.). Biology of the Red Algae. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Dhargalkar, V.K. and N. Pereira. 2005. Seaweeds: promising plants of the millennium. Science and Culture 71: 60–66.
Draget, K.I., O. Smidsrød and S. Skjåk-Broek. 2004. Alginates from algae. pp. 215–224. In: S.D. Baets, E. Vandamme and
A. Steinbüchel (eds.). Polysaccharides II: Polysaccharides from Eukaryotes (Biopolymers, Vol. 6). Wiley-Blackwell,
Weinheim.
Dyrby, M., R.V. Petersen, B. Larsen, B. Rudolph, L. Norgaard and S.B. Engelsen. 2004. Towards on-line monitoring of the
composition of commercial carrageenan powders. Carbohydrate Polymers 57(3): 337–348.
Falshaw, R.H. and R.H. Furneaux. 1995. Carbohydr. Res. 276: 155–165.
Furtado, M.R. 1999. Alta Lucratividade Atrai Investidores em Hidrocolóides. Química e Derivados 377: 20–29.
Givernaud, T., N. Sqali, O. Barbaroux, A. Orbi, Y. Semmaoui, N.E. Rezzoum, A. Mouradi and R. Kaas. 2005. Mapping and
biomass estimation for a harvested population of Gelidium sesquipedale (Rhodophyta, Gelidiales) along the Atlantic
coast of Morocco. Phycologia 44: 66–71.
Givernaud, T. and A. Mouradi. 2006. Seaweed resources of Morocco. In: A.T. Critchley, M. Ohno and D.B. Largo (eds.).
World Seaweed Resources—An Authoritative Reference System V1.0, ETI Information Services Ltd. Hybrid Windows
and Mac DVD-ROM.
Guiry, M.D. and G. Blunden. 1991. Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
Harris, R.K., E.D. Becker, S.M. Cabral de Menezes, R. Goodfellow and P. Granger. 2001. NMR nomenclature. Nuclear spin
properties and conventions for chemical shifts (IUPAC recommendations 2001). Pure Appl. Chem. 73(11): 1795–1818.
Hayashi, L., A.G. Hurtado, F.E. Msuya, G. Bleicher-Lhonneur and A.T. Critchley. 2010. A review of Kappaphycus farming:
Prospects and constraints. pp. 251–283. In: J. Seckbach (ed.). Seaweeds and Their Role in Globally Changing
Environments (Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology). Springer, Netherlands.
Hurtado, A.Q., P.-E. Lim, J. Tan, S.-M. Phang, I.C. Neish and A.T. Critchley. 2016. Biodiversity and biogeography of commercial
tropical carrageenophytes in the Southeast Asian region. pp. 51–74. In: L. Pereira (ed.). Carrageenans: Sources and
Extraction Methods, Molecular Structure, Bioactive Properties and Health Effects. Nova Science Publisher, N.Y.
Ioannou, E. and V. Roussis. 2009. Natural products from seaweeds. pp. 51–81. In: A.E. Osbourn and V. Lanzotti (eds.). Plant
Derived Natural Products: Synthesis, Function, and Application. Springer US, NY.
Jiao, G., G. Yu, J. Zhang and H.S. Ewart. 2011. Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine
algae. Marine Drugs 9: 196–223.
Knutsen, S.H., D.E. Myslabodski, B. Larsen and A.I. Usov. 1994. A modified system of nomenclature for red algal galactans.
Bot. Mar. 37(2): 163–169.
Krisler, A.V. 2006. Seaweed resources of Chile. In: A.T. Critchley, M. Ohno and D.B. Largo (eds.). World Seaweed Resources
—An Authoritative Reference System V1.0, ETI Information Services Ltd. Hybrid Windows and Mac DVD-ROM.
Lahaye, M. 2001. Chemistry and physico-chemistry of phycocolloids. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 42(1-2): 137–157.