Parameterization of Convective Boundary Layer Turbulence and Clouds
123
Albrecht, B. A., C. S. Bretherton, D. Johnson, W. H. Schubert, and A. S. Frisch. 1995. The Atlantic
stratocumulus transition experiment—ASTEX. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 76:889–903.
Albrecht, B. A., D. A. Randall, and S. Nicholls. 1988. Observations of marine stratocumulus
clouds during FIRE. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 69:618–626.
André, J. C., G. De Moor, P. Lacarrère. G. Thérry, and R. du Vachat. 1978. Modeling the
24-hour evolution of the mean and turbulent structures of the planetary boundary layer.
J. Atmos. Sci. 35:1861–1883.
André, J.-C., J.-P. Goutorbe, and A. Perrier. 1986. HAPEX-MOBILHY, a hydrologic atmospheric pilot experiment for the study of water budget and evaporation fl ux at the climate
scale. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 67:138–144.
Arakawa, A. and W. H. Schubert. 1974. Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the
largescale environment. Part I. J. Atmos. Sci. 31:674–701.
Ayotte, K. M., P. P. Sullivan, A. Andren, C. S. Doney, A. A. M. Holtslag, W. G. Large,
J. C. McWilliams et al. 1996. An evaluation of neutral and convective planetary boundary layer parameterisations relative to large eddy simulations. Bound. Layer Meteorol.
79:131–175.
Bechtold, P., E. Bazile, F. Guichard, P. Mascart, and E. Richard. 2001. A mass fl ux convection
scheme for regional and global models. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 127:869–886.
Beljaars, A. and A. Betts. 1992. Validation of the boundary layer representation in the ECMWF
model. In Proceedings ECMWF Seminar on the Validation of Models over Europe.
ECMWF, Reading, U.K., pp. 159–196.
Berkowicz, R. and L. P. Prahm. 1979. Generalization of K-theory for turbulent diffusion.
Part 1: Spectral turbulent diffusivity concept. J. Appl. Meteorol. 18:266–272.
Betts, A. K. 1973. Non-precipitating cumulus convection and its parameterization. Q. J. R.
Meteorol. Soc. 99:178–196.
Betts, A. K. 1974. Reply to comment on the paper Non-precipitating cumulus convection and
its parameterization. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 100:469–471.
Betts, A. K. 1976. Modeling subcloud layer structure and interaction with a shallow cumulus
layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 33:2363–2382.
Betts, A. K. 1985. Mixing line analysis of clouds and cloudy boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci.
42:2751–2763.
Blackadar, A. K. 1962. The vertical distribution of wind and turbulent exchange in a neutral
atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 67:3095–3102.
Blyth, A. M. 1993. Entrainment in cumulus clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol. 32:626–641.
Blyth, A. M. and J. Latham. 1985. An airborne study of vertical structure and microphysical
variability within small cumulus. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111:773–792.
Bony, S. and K. A. Emanuel. 2001. A parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection; evaluation using TOGA COARE data. J. Atmos. Sci. 58:3158–3183.
Bougeault, P. 1981. Modeling the trade-wind cumulus boundary layer. Part I: Testing the
ensemble cloud relations against numerical data. J. Atmos. Sci. 38:2414–2428.
Boussinesq, J. 1877. Essai sur la théorie des eaux courantes. Mem. Academie de Sci. de Paris.
23:1–680.
Brown, A. R., R. T. Cederwall, A. Chlond, P. G. Duynkerke, J. C. Golaz, J. M. Khairoutdinov,
D. C. Lewellen, et al. 2002. Large eddy simulation of the diurnal cycle of shallow cumulus convection over land. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 128:1075–1094.
Businger, J. A. and S. P. Oncley. 1990. Flux measurement and conditional sampling. J. Atmos.
Oceanic Tech. 7:349–352.
Carson, D. J. 1973. The development of a dry inversion-capped convectively unstable boundary layer. Q. J. R. Meteo. Soc. 99:450–467.
Chaboureau, J. P. and P. Bechtold. 2002. A simple cloud parameterization derived from
cloud resolving model data: Diagnostic and prognostic applications. J. Atmos. Sci.
59:2362–2372.
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
123
Albrecht, B. A., C. S. Bretherton, D. Johnson, W. H. Schubert, and A. S. Frisch. 1995. The Atlantic
stratocumulus transition experiment—ASTEX. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 76:889–903.
Albrecht, B. A., D. A. Randall, and S. Nicholls. 1988. Observations of marine stratocumulus
clouds during FIRE. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 69:618–626.
André, J. C., G. De Moor, P. Lacarrère. G. Thérry, and R. du Vachat. 1978. Modeling the
24-hour evolution of the mean and turbulent structures of the planetary boundary layer.
J. Atmos. Sci. 35:1861–1883.
André, J.-C., J.-P. Goutorbe, and A. Perrier. 1986. HAPEX-MOBILHY, a hydrologic atmospheric pilot experiment for the study of water budget and evaporation fl ux at the climate
scale. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 67:138–144.
Arakawa, A. and W. H. Schubert. 1974. Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the
largescale environment. Part I. J. Atmos. Sci. 31:674–701.
Ayotte, K. M., P. P. Sullivan, A. Andren, C. S. Doney, A. A. M. Holtslag, W. G. Large,
J. C. McWilliams et al. 1996. An evaluation of neutral and convective planetary boundary layer parameterisations relative to large eddy simulations. Bound. Layer Meteorol.
79:131–175.
Bechtold, P., E. Bazile, F. Guichard, P. Mascart, and E. Richard. 2001. A mass fl ux convection
scheme for regional and global models. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 127:869–886.
Beljaars, A. and A. Betts. 1992. Validation of the boundary layer representation in the ECMWF
model. In Proceedings ECMWF Seminar on the Validation of Models over Europe.
ECMWF, Reading, U.K., pp. 159–196.
Berkowicz, R. and L. P. Prahm. 1979. Generalization of K-theory for turbulent diffusion.
Part 1: Spectral turbulent diffusivity concept. J. Appl. Meteorol. 18:266–272.
Betts, A. K. 1973. Non-precipitating cumulus convection and its parameterization. Q. J. R.
Meteorol. Soc. 99:178–196.
Betts, A. K. 1974. Reply to comment on the paper Non-precipitating cumulus convection and
its parameterization. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 100:469–471.
Betts, A. K. 1976. Modeling subcloud layer structure and interaction with a shallow cumulus
layer. J. Atmos. Sci. 33:2363–2382.
Betts, A. K. 1985. Mixing line analysis of clouds and cloudy boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci.
42:2751–2763.
Blackadar, A. K. 1962. The vertical distribution of wind and turbulent exchange in a neutral
atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 67:3095–3102.
Blyth, A. M. 1993. Entrainment in cumulus clouds. J. Appl. Meteorol. 32:626–641.
Blyth, A. M. and J. Latham. 1985. An airborne study of vertical structure and microphysical
variability within small cumulus. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111:773–792.
Bony, S. and K. A. Emanuel. 2001. A parameterization of the cloudiness associated with cumulus convection; evaluation using TOGA COARE data. J. Atmos. Sci. 58:3158–3183.
Bougeault, P. 1981. Modeling the trade-wind cumulus boundary layer. Part I: Testing the
ensemble cloud relations against numerical data. J. Atmos. Sci. 38:2414–2428.
Boussinesq, J. 1877. Essai sur la théorie des eaux courantes. Mem. Academie de Sci. de Paris.
23:1–680.
Brown, A. R., R. T. Cederwall, A. Chlond, P. G. Duynkerke, J. C. Golaz, J. M. Khairoutdinov,
D. C. Lewellen, et al. 2002. Large eddy simulation of the diurnal cycle of shallow cumulus convection over land. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 128:1075–1094.
Businger, J. A. and S. P. Oncley. 1990. Flux measurement and conditional sampling. J. Atmos.
Oceanic Tech. 7:349–352.
Carson, D. J. 1973. The development of a dry inversion-capped convectively unstable boundary layer. Q. J. R. Meteo. Soc. 99:450–467.
Chaboureau, J. P. and P. Bechtold. 2002. A simple cloud parameterization derived from
cloud resolving model data: Diagnostic and prognostic applications. J. Atmos. Sci.
59:2362–2372.
© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC