Degradation of Pesticides by Animals
17
scientific obligation to assess the safety of xenobiotics will provide the impetus
for these studies. Moreover, novel reactions and unusual biological activities
will continue to serve as stimuli for studying the fate of pesticides in animals
and other organisms.
One thing that must not happen is that we become complacent about the
status of the science of pesticide degradation. While many pesticides undergo
biochemical reactions that are now highly predictable, the toxicological significance of these reactions and their products is not always so apparent. It is
essential that greater emphasis be placed on the significance of specified bioalteration mechanisms in allowing man to cope successfully with toxic substances,
and on the susceptibility of these mechanisms to the physical, chemical, and
emotional stresses to which man is exposed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The assistance of Robert Rickard and Mary Dorough in
the preparation of this manuscript is gratefully acknowledged. Appreciation also
is extended to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Grant No. R805143)
for support that has enabled the author and his students to investigate insecticide
metabolism in animals and other organisms. Similarly, acknowledgment is given
for support received from Regional Research Project S-73.
REFERENCES
Addison, R. F., and Willis, D. E., 1978, The metabolism by rainbow trout (Slamo gairdnerii) of
p,p' -e"<:) DDT and some of its possible degradation products labeled with ."<:, Toxicol. Appl.
Pharmacol. 43(2):303.
Ando, M., Nakagawa, M., Nakamura, T., and Tomita, K., 1975, Metabolism oflsoxathion, 0,0diethyl 0-(5-phenyl-3-isoxazolyl)phosphorothioate in the rats, Agric. Bioi. Chem. 30(4):803.
Bedford, C. T., Crayford, J. V., Hutson, D. H. and Wiggins, D. E., 1978, An example of the
oxidative de-esterification of an isopropyl ester. Its role in the metabolism of the herbicide
ftamprop-iso-propyl, Xenobiotica 8(6):383.
Benson, W. R., 1969, The chemistry of pesticides, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 160:7.
8erenbom, M., and Young, L., 1951, Biochemical studies of toxic agents. 3. The isolation of land 2-naphthylsulphuric acid and 1- and 2-naphthylglucuronide from the urine of rats dosed
with 1- and 2-naphthol, Biochem. J. 49:165.
Boyland, E., and Chasseaud, L. F., 1969, The rate of glutathione and glutathine-S-transferase in
mercapturic acid biosynthesis, Adv. Enzymol. 32:173.
Bradway, D. E., and Shafik, T. M., 1977, Malathion exposure studies. Determination of monoand dicarboxylic acids and alkyl phosphates in urine, J. Agric. Food Chem. 25(6):1342.
Brooks, G. T., 1974, Chlorinated Insecticides, Vol. II, CRC Press, Cleveland.
Brooks, G. T., and Harrison, A., 1969, Hydration of HEOD (dieldrin) and the heptachlor epoxides
by microsomes from the livers of pigs and rabbits, Bull. Env:ron. Contam. Toxicol. 4:352.
Capel, I. D., Millburn, P. and Williams, R. T., 1974, The conjugation of 1- and 2-naphthols and
other phenols in the cat and pig, Xenabiotica 4:601.
Casida, J. E., and Lykken, L., 1969, Metabolism of organic pesticide chemicals in higher plants,
Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 20:606.
17
scientific obligation to assess the safety of xenobiotics will provide the impetus
for these studies. Moreover, novel reactions and unusual biological activities
will continue to serve as stimuli for studying the fate of pesticides in animals
and other organisms.
One thing that must not happen is that we become complacent about the
status of the science of pesticide degradation. While many pesticides undergo
biochemical reactions that are now highly predictable, the toxicological significance of these reactions and their products is not always so apparent. It is
essential that greater emphasis be placed on the significance of specified bioalteration mechanisms in allowing man to cope successfully with toxic substances,
and on the susceptibility of these mechanisms to the physical, chemical, and
emotional stresses to which man is exposed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The assistance of Robert Rickard and Mary Dorough in
the preparation of this manuscript is gratefully acknowledged. Appreciation also
is extended to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Grant No. R805143)
for support that has enabled the author and his students to investigate insecticide
metabolism in animals and other organisms. Similarly, acknowledgment is given
for support received from Regional Research Project S-73.
REFERENCES
Addison, R. F., and Willis, D. E., 1978, The metabolism by rainbow trout (Slamo gairdnerii) of
p,p' -e"<:) DDT and some of its possible degradation products labeled with ."<:, Toxicol. Appl.
Pharmacol. 43(2):303.
Ando, M., Nakagawa, M., Nakamura, T., and Tomita, K., 1975, Metabolism oflsoxathion, 0,0diethyl 0-(5-phenyl-3-isoxazolyl)phosphorothioate in the rats, Agric. Bioi. Chem. 30(4):803.
Bedford, C. T., Crayford, J. V., Hutson, D. H. and Wiggins, D. E., 1978, An example of the
oxidative de-esterification of an isopropyl ester. Its role in the metabolism of the herbicide
ftamprop-iso-propyl, Xenobiotica 8(6):383.
Benson, W. R., 1969, The chemistry of pesticides, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 160:7.
8erenbom, M., and Young, L., 1951, Biochemical studies of toxic agents. 3. The isolation of land 2-naphthylsulphuric acid and 1- and 2-naphthylglucuronide from the urine of rats dosed
with 1- and 2-naphthol, Biochem. J. 49:165.
Boyland, E., and Chasseaud, L. F., 1969, The rate of glutathione and glutathine-S-transferase in
mercapturic acid biosynthesis, Adv. Enzymol. 32:173.
Bradway, D. E., and Shafik, T. M., 1977, Malathion exposure studies. Determination of monoand dicarboxylic acids and alkyl phosphates in urine, J. Agric. Food Chem. 25(6):1342.
Brooks, G. T., 1974, Chlorinated Insecticides, Vol. II, CRC Press, Cleveland.
Brooks, G. T., and Harrison, A., 1969, Hydration of HEOD (dieldrin) and the heptachlor epoxides
by microsomes from the livers of pigs and rabbits, Bull. Env:ron. Contam. Toxicol. 4:352.
Capel, I. D., Millburn, P. and Williams, R. T., 1974, The conjugation of 1- and 2-naphthols and
other phenols in the cat and pig, Xenabiotica 4:601.
Casida, J. E., and Lykken, L., 1969, Metabolism of organic pesticide chemicals in higher plants,
Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 20:606.