Microbial Degradation of Pesticides in Tropical Soils
113
Pfaender, F. K., and Alexander, M., 1972, Extensive microbial degradation of DDT in vitro and
DDT metabolism in natural communities, J. Agric. Food Chem. 20:842.
Raghu, K., and MacRae, I. C., 1966, Biodegradation of the gamma-isomer of benzene hexachloride
in submerged soils, Science 154:263.
Raghu, K., Murthy, N. B. K., and Kumarasamy, R., 1974, Degradation of thiram in soils, in:
Proceedings of the Department of Atomic Energy Symposium on Use of Radiations and Radioisotopes in Studies of Plant Productivity, p. 874, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay.
Raghu, K., Murthy, N. B. K., Kumarasamy, R., Sudha-Rao, R., and Sane, P. V., 1975, Fate and
persistence of thiram in plants and soils, in: Origin and Fate of Chemical Residues in Food,
Agriculture and Fisheries, p. 137, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
Raghu, K., Kumarasamy, R., Sudha-Rao, R., Murthy, N. B. K., and Sane, P. V., 1976, Metabolism
of labelled ziram in groundnut plants and its microbiological degradation, in: Trace Contaminants of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in Developing Countries, p. 37, International Atomic
Energy Agency, Vienna.
Rajaram, K. P., and Sethunathan, N., 1975, Effect of organic sources on the degradation of parathion
in flooded alluvial soil, Soil Sci. 119:296.
Rajaram, K. P., and Sethunathan, N., 1976, A factor inhibiting parathion hydrolysis in organic
matter-amended soil under flooded conditions, Plant Soil 44:683.
Rajaram, K. P., Rao, Y. R., and Sethunathan, N., 1978, Inhibition of biological hydrolysis of
parathion in rice straw-amended flooded soil and its reversal by nitrogen compounds and aerobic
conditions, Pestic. Sci. 9:155.
Rao, Y. R., and Sethunathan, N., 1979, Effect of ferrous sulfate on the degradation of parathion
in flooded soil, J. Environ. Sci. Health 14B:335.
Saltzman, S., Yaron, B., and Mingelgrin, U., 1974, The surface-catalyzed hydrolysis of parathion
on kaolinites, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 38:231.
Seiber, I. N., Catahan, M. P., and Berril, C. R., 1978, Loss of carbofuran from rice paddy water:
Chemical and physical factors, J. Environ. Sci. Health 13B:131.
Sethunathan, N., 1972, Diazinon degradation in submerged soil and rice-paddy water, Adv. Chem.
Ser. 111:244.
Sethunathan, N., 1973, Organic matter and parathion degradation in flooded soil, Soil Bioi. Biochem.
5:641.
Sethunathan, N., and MacRae, I. C., 1969, Persistence and biodegradation of diazinon in submerged
soils, J. Agric. Foad Chem. 17:221.
Sethunathan, N., and Siddaramappa, R., 1978, Microbial degradation of pesticides in rice soils, in:
Soils and Rice (F. N. Ponnamperuma, ed.), p. 479, International Rice Research Institute, Los
Banos, Philippines.
Sethunathan, N., and Yoshida, T., 1%9, Fate of diazinon in submerged soil: Accumulation of
hydrolysis product, J. Agric. Food Chem. 17:1192.
Sethunathan, N., and Yoshida, T., 1973a, Degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by Clostridium
sp. isolated from lindane-amended flooded soil, Plant Soil 38:663.
Sethunathan, N., and Yoshida, T., 1973b, A Flavobacterium sp. that degrades diazinon and parathion, Can. J. Microbiol. 19:873.
Sethunathan, N., and Yoshida, T., 1973c, Parathion degradation in submerged rice soils in the
Philippines, J. Agric. Food Chem. 21:504.
Sethunathan, N., Bautista, E. M., and Yoshida, T., 1969, Degradation of benzenehexachloride by
a soil bacterium, Can. J. Microbiol. 15:1349.
Sethunathan, N., Caballa, S., and Pathak, M. D., 1971, Absorpti' n and translocation of diazinon
by rice plants from submerged soils and paddy water and the persistence of residues in plant
tissues, J. Econ. Entomol. 64:571.
Sethunathan, N., Siddaramappa, R., Rajaram, K. P., Barik, S., and Wahid, P. A., 1977, Parathion:
Residues in soil and water, Residue Rev. 68:91.
113
Pfaender, F. K., and Alexander, M., 1972, Extensive microbial degradation of DDT in vitro and
DDT metabolism in natural communities, J. Agric. Food Chem. 20:842.
Raghu, K., and MacRae, I. C., 1966, Biodegradation of the gamma-isomer of benzene hexachloride
in submerged soils, Science 154:263.
Raghu, K., Murthy, N. B. K., and Kumarasamy, R., 1974, Degradation of thiram in soils, in:
Proceedings of the Department of Atomic Energy Symposium on Use of Radiations and Radioisotopes in Studies of Plant Productivity, p. 874, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay.
Raghu, K., Murthy, N. B. K., Kumarasamy, R., Sudha-Rao, R., and Sane, P. V., 1975, Fate and
persistence of thiram in plants and soils, in: Origin and Fate of Chemical Residues in Food,
Agriculture and Fisheries, p. 137, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
Raghu, K., Kumarasamy, R., Sudha-Rao, R., Murthy, N. B. K., and Sane, P. V., 1976, Metabolism
of labelled ziram in groundnut plants and its microbiological degradation, in: Trace Contaminants of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in Developing Countries, p. 37, International Atomic
Energy Agency, Vienna.
Rajaram, K. P., and Sethunathan, N., 1975, Effect of organic sources on the degradation of parathion
in flooded alluvial soil, Soil Sci. 119:296.
Rajaram, K. P., and Sethunathan, N., 1976, A factor inhibiting parathion hydrolysis in organic
matter-amended soil under flooded conditions, Plant Soil 44:683.
Rajaram, K. P., Rao, Y. R., and Sethunathan, N., 1978, Inhibition of biological hydrolysis of
parathion in rice straw-amended flooded soil and its reversal by nitrogen compounds and aerobic
conditions, Pestic. Sci. 9:155.
Rao, Y. R., and Sethunathan, N., 1979, Effect of ferrous sulfate on the degradation of parathion
in flooded soil, J. Environ. Sci. Health 14B:335.
Saltzman, S., Yaron, B., and Mingelgrin, U., 1974, The surface-catalyzed hydrolysis of parathion
on kaolinites, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 38:231.
Seiber, I. N., Catahan, M. P., and Berril, C. R., 1978, Loss of carbofuran from rice paddy water:
Chemical and physical factors, J. Environ. Sci. Health 13B:131.
Sethunathan, N., 1972, Diazinon degradation in submerged soil and rice-paddy water, Adv. Chem.
Ser. 111:244.
Sethunathan, N., 1973, Organic matter and parathion degradation in flooded soil, Soil Bioi. Biochem.
5:641.
Sethunathan, N., and MacRae, I. C., 1969, Persistence and biodegradation of diazinon in submerged
soils, J. Agric. Foad Chem. 17:221.
Sethunathan, N., and Siddaramappa, R., 1978, Microbial degradation of pesticides in rice soils, in:
Soils and Rice (F. N. Ponnamperuma, ed.), p. 479, International Rice Research Institute, Los
Banos, Philippines.
Sethunathan, N., and Yoshida, T., 1%9, Fate of diazinon in submerged soil: Accumulation of
hydrolysis product, J. Agric. Food Chem. 17:1192.
Sethunathan, N., and Yoshida, T., 1973a, Degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by Clostridium
sp. isolated from lindane-amended flooded soil, Plant Soil 38:663.
Sethunathan, N., and Yoshida, T., 1973b, A Flavobacterium sp. that degrades diazinon and parathion, Can. J. Microbiol. 19:873.
Sethunathan, N., and Yoshida, T., 1973c, Parathion degradation in submerged rice soils in the
Philippines, J. Agric. Food Chem. 21:504.
Sethunathan, N., Bautista, E. M., and Yoshida, T., 1969, Degradation of benzenehexachloride by
a soil bacterium, Can. J. Microbiol. 15:1349.
Sethunathan, N., Caballa, S., and Pathak, M. D., 1971, Absorpti' n and translocation of diazinon
by rice plants from submerged soils and paddy water and the persistence of residues in plant
tissues, J. Econ. Entomol. 64:571.
Sethunathan, N., Siddaramappa, R., Rajaram, K. P., Barik, S., and Wahid, P. A., 1977, Parathion:
Residues in soil and water, Residue Rev. 68:91.