42
R. Ebinghaus et al.
flux measurements for Hg emissions from the oceans in order to facilitate
comparison with terrestrial exchange processes. In addition, considering the
enormous part of the Earth's surface covered by oceans, it is of vital importance
to understand if oceans only reemit mercury that is transported by rivers or
deposited from the atmosphere, or if they actually contribute actively to the
global mercury budget as a net source, since there is evidence that mercury from
oceanic sediments is released to the overlying water during diagenetic processes.
Wind seems to be an important driving force behind gas exchange at
environmental surfaces. Mercury fluxes to the atmosphere are temporarily
increased by windy conditions and waves. Mercury emissions from waters are
generally estimated using measured concentrations of atmospheric mercury and
DGM in the water phase. However, recent results from field measurements have
indicated that these types of model calculations may considerably underestimate
mercury volatilization from lakes.
References
Advokaat EM, Lindberg SE (1996) Effect of rainfall exclusion on air/surface exchange rates of mercury
over forest soils. In: Ebinghaus, R, Petersen G, Tlimpling Uv (eds.) 4th Int Conf on Mercury as a
global pollutant, Book of Abstracts, Hamburg, Aug 4-8, 1996, 458 pp (GKSS Forschungszentrum
Geesthacht GmbH, Max-Planck-Str, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany)
Airey D (1982) Contributions from coal and industrial materials to mercury in air, rainwater and
snow. Sci Total Environ 25:19-40
Alberts JJ Schindler JE, Miller RW, Nutter, DE (1974) Elemental mercury evolution mediated by humic
acid. Science 184:895-897
Amyot M, Mierle G, Lean DRS, McQueen DJ (1994) Sunlight-induced formation of dissolved gaseous
mercury in lake waters. Environ Sci Technol 28:2366-2371
Amyot M, Lean DRS, Mierle G, McQueen, DJ (1995) Volatilization of Hg from lakes mediated by solar
radiation. Proc 1995 Canadian Mercury network workshop, York University, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Axenfeld F, Munch j, Pacyna JM (1991) Belastung von Nord und Ostsee durch okologisch gef
German Environmental Protection Agency. Umweltbundesamt, Berlin
Baeyens W, Leermakers M (1996) Particulate, dissolved and methylmercury budgets for the Scheldt
estuary (Belgium and The Netherlands), In: Baeyens W, Ebinghaus R, Vasiliev, O. (eds) Global and
regional mercury cycles: sources, fluxes and mass balances. NATO-ASI Series 2. Environment vol
21. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 285-301
Baeyens W, Leermakers M, Dedeurwaerder H, Lansens P (1991) Modelization of the mercury fluxes at
the air-sea interface. Water Air Soil Pollut 56:731-744
Baeyens W, Ebinghaus, R, Vasiliev 0 (eds) (1996) Global and regional mercury cycles: sources, fluxes
and mass balances. NATO-ASI Series 2 Environment vol 21. Kluwer Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Bahlmann E (1997) Untersuchungen einer GC/AFS Kopplung zur Bestimmung fllichtiger Quecksilberspezies in der Elbe. Magisterarbeit Universitat Llineburg, Llineburg
Bargagli R, Barghigiani C, Siegel BZ, Siegel SM (1989) Accumulation of mercury and other metals by
the lichen, Parmelia sulcata, at an Italian mine site and a volcanic area. Water Air Soil Pollut 45:31532 7
Barkay T, Liebert C, Gillman M (1989) Environmental significance of the potential for mer (Tn21)mediated reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(o) in natural waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:1196-1202
Barnett MO, Harris LA, Turner, RR, Henson TJ, Melton RE, Stevenson RJ (1995) Characterization of
mercury species in contaminated floodplain soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 80:1105-1108
R. Ebinghaus et al.
flux measurements for Hg emissions from the oceans in order to facilitate
comparison with terrestrial exchange processes. In addition, considering the
enormous part of the Earth's surface covered by oceans, it is of vital importance
to understand if oceans only reemit mercury that is transported by rivers or
deposited from the atmosphere, or if they actually contribute actively to the
global mercury budget as a net source, since there is evidence that mercury from
oceanic sediments is released to the overlying water during diagenetic processes.
Wind seems to be an important driving force behind gas exchange at
environmental surfaces. Mercury fluxes to the atmosphere are temporarily
increased by windy conditions and waves. Mercury emissions from waters are
generally estimated using measured concentrations of atmospheric mercury and
DGM in the water phase. However, recent results from field measurements have
indicated that these types of model calculations may considerably underestimate
mercury volatilization from lakes.
References
Advokaat EM, Lindberg SE (1996) Effect of rainfall exclusion on air/surface exchange rates of mercury
over forest soils. In: Ebinghaus, R, Petersen G, Tlimpling Uv (eds.) 4th Int Conf on Mercury as a
global pollutant, Book of Abstracts, Hamburg, Aug 4-8, 1996, 458 pp (GKSS Forschungszentrum
Geesthacht GmbH, Max-Planck-Str, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany)
Airey D (1982) Contributions from coal and industrial materials to mercury in air, rainwater and
snow. Sci Total Environ 25:19-40
Alberts JJ Schindler JE, Miller RW, Nutter, DE (1974) Elemental mercury evolution mediated by humic
acid. Science 184:895-897
Amyot M, Mierle G, Lean DRS, McQueen DJ (1994) Sunlight-induced formation of dissolved gaseous
mercury in lake waters. Environ Sci Technol 28:2366-2371
Amyot M, Lean DRS, Mierle G, McQueen, DJ (1995) Volatilization of Hg from lakes mediated by solar
radiation. Proc 1995 Canadian Mercury network workshop, York University, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
Axenfeld F, Munch j, Pacyna JM (1991) Belastung von Nord und Ostsee durch okologisch gef
German Environmental Protection Agency. Umweltbundesamt, Berlin
Baeyens W, Leermakers M (1996) Particulate, dissolved and methylmercury budgets for the Scheldt
estuary (Belgium and The Netherlands), In: Baeyens W, Ebinghaus R, Vasiliev, O. (eds) Global and
regional mercury cycles: sources, fluxes and mass balances. NATO-ASI Series 2. Environment vol
21. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 285-301
Baeyens W, Leermakers M, Dedeurwaerder H, Lansens P (1991) Modelization of the mercury fluxes at
the air-sea interface. Water Air Soil Pollut 56:731-744
Baeyens W, Ebinghaus, R, Vasiliev 0 (eds) (1996) Global and regional mercury cycles: sources, fluxes
and mass balances. NATO-ASI Series 2 Environment vol 21. Kluwer Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Bahlmann E (1997) Untersuchungen einer GC/AFS Kopplung zur Bestimmung fllichtiger Quecksilberspezies in der Elbe. Magisterarbeit Universitat Llineburg, Llineburg
Bargagli R, Barghigiani C, Siegel BZ, Siegel SM (1989) Accumulation of mercury and other metals by
the lichen, Parmelia sulcata, at an Italian mine site and a volcanic area. Water Air Soil Pollut 45:31532 7
Barkay T, Liebert C, Gillman M (1989) Environmental significance of the potential for mer (Tn21)mediated reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(o) in natural waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:1196-1202
Barnett MO, Harris LA, Turner, RR, Henson TJ, Melton RE, Stevenson RJ (1995) Characterization of
mercury species in contaminated floodplain soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 80:1105-1108