Associate Editor Alfonso Mucci helped enhance the quality of the
manuscript, we warmly thank them. The SOMBA cruise and geochemical parameter measurements were funded by the French Ministry
of foreign affairs (MAEDI) under the ENVIMED program [grant number
2014, 2834-CIRMED].
References
Aït-Ameur, N., Goyet, C., 2006. Distribution and transport of natural and anthropogenic
CO 2 in the Gulf of Cádiz. Deep-Sea Res. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 53, 1329–1343.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.04.003.
Álvarez, M., Lo Monaco, C., Tanhua, T., Yool, A., Oschlies, A., Bullister, J.L., Goyet, C.,
Tourtair, F., McDonagh, E., Bryden, H.L., 2009. Estimating the storage of anthropogenic carbon in the subtropical Indian Ocean: a comparison of five different approaches. Biogeosciences (BG) 6, 681–703. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-681-2009.
Álvarez, M., Sanleón-Bartolomé, H., Tanhua, T., Mintrop, L., Luchetta, A., Cantoni, C.,
Schroeder, K., Civitarese, G., 2014. The CO 2 system in the Mediterranean Sea: a basin
wide perspective. Ocean Sci. 10, 69–92. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-69-2014.
Anderson, L.A., 1995. On the hydrogen and oxygen content of marine phytoplankton.
Deep-Sea Res. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 42, 1675–1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/09670637(95)00072-E.
Bakun, A., Agostini, V.N., 2001. Seasonal patterns of wind-induced upwelling/downwelling in the Mediterranean Sea. Sci. Mar. 65, 243–257.
Bégovic, M., Copin-Montégut, C., 2002. Processes controlling annual variations in the
partial pressure of CO 2 in surface waters of the central northwestern Mediterranean
Sea (Dyfamed site). Deep-Sea Res. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 49, 2031–2047.
Benson, B.B., Krause, D., 1984. The concentration and isotopic fractionation of oxygen
dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 29, 620–632. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1984.29.3.0620.
Béthoux, J.P., Morin, P., Ruiz-Pino, D.P., 2002. Temporal trends in nutrient ratios: chemical evidence of Mediterranean ecosystem changes driven by human activity. DeepSea Res. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 49, 2007–2016.
Bosse, A., Testor, P., Houpert, L., Damien, P., Prieur, L., Hayes, D., Taillandier, V., Durrieu
de Madron, X., d’Ortenzio, F., Coppola, L., Karstensen, J., Mortier, L., 2016. Scales
and dynamics of Submesoscale Coherent Vortices formed by deep convection in the
northwestern Mediterranean Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 121, 7716–7742. https://
doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012144.
Chen, C.-T.A., 1993. Carbonate chemistry of the wintertime Bering Sea marginal ice zone.
Cont. Shelf Res. 13, 67–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(93)90036-W.
Chen, G.-T., Millero, F.J., 1979. Gradual increase of oceanic CO 2 . Nature 277, 205–206.
https://doi.org/10.1038/277205a0.
Chen, C.T.A., Tsunogai, S., 1998. Carbon and nutrients in the ocean. In: Asian Change in
the Context of Global Climate Change: Impact of Natural and Anthropogenic Changes
in Asia on Global Biogeochemical Cycles, pp. 271–307.
Chen, C.-T.A., Jones, E.P., Lin, K., 1990. Wintertime total carbon dioxide measurements
in the Norwegian and greenland seas. Deep-Sea Res. A. Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 37,
1455–1473. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90137-K.
Chen, C.-T.A., Wang, S.-L., Bychkov, A.S., 1995. Carbonate chemistry of the Sea of Japan.
J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 100, 13737–13745. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC00939.
Chen, C.-T.A., Andreev, A., Kim, K.-R., Yamamoto, M., 2004. Roles of continental shelves
and marginal seas in the biogeochemical cycles of the North Pacific Ocean. J.
Oceanogr. 60, 17–44. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000038316.56018.d4.
Chen, C.-T.A., Hou, W.-P., Gamo, T., Wang, S.L., 2006a. Carbonate-related parameters of
subsurface waters in the West Philippine, South China and Sulu Seas. Mar. Chem.
151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.05.008. AQUACHEM – 04 99.
Chen, C.-T.A., Wang, S.-L., Chou, W.-C., Sheu, D.D., 2006b. Carbonate chemistry and
projected future changes in pH and CaCO 3 saturation state of the South China Sea.
Mar. Chem. 101, 277–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.01.007.
Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service, 2017. Copernicus. [WWW
Document] [dataset] URL. http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/access-toproducts/ accessed 3.20.17.
Copin-Montégut, C., Bégovic, M., 2002. Distributions of carbonate properties and oxygen
along the water column (0–2000 m) in the central part of the NW Mediterranean Sea
(Dyfamed site): influence of winter vertical mixing on air–sea CO 2 and O 2 exchanges.
In: Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, Studies at the
DYFAMED (France JGOFS) Time-Series Station, N.W. Mediterranean Sea 49, pp.
2049–2066. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00027-9.
Copin-Montégut, C., Bégovic, M., Merlivat, L., 2004. Variability of the partial pressure of
CO 2 on diel to annual time scales in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Chem.
85, 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2003.10.005.
Coppola, L., Legendre, L., Lefèvre, D., Prieur, L., Taillandier, V., Riquier, E.D., 2018.
Seasonal and inter-annual variations of dissolved oxygen in the northwestern
Mediterranean Sea (DYFAMED site). Prog. Oceanogr. 162, 187–201.
Cossarini, G., Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., 2015. Spatiotemporal variability of alkalinity in the
Mediterranean Sea. Biogeosciences 12, 1647–1658. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-121647-2015.
Dickson, A.G., 1990. Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic
Fig. 10. East-west vertical distribution of ΔpH computed using anthropogenic carbon concentration values of the MCM (a) and the TrOCA (b) approaches.
M.A. Keraghel, et al.
Marine Chemistry 221 (2020) 103783
14
manuscript, we warmly thank them. The SOMBA cruise and geochemical parameter measurements were funded by the French Ministry
of foreign affairs (MAEDI) under the ENVIMED program [grant number
2014, 2834-CIRMED].
References
Aït-Ameur, N., Goyet, C., 2006. Distribution and transport of natural and anthropogenic
CO 2 in the Gulf of Cádiz. Deep-Sea Res. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 53, 1329–1343.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.04.003.
Álvarez, M., Lo Monaco, C., Tanhua, T., Yool, A., Oschlies, A., Bullister, J.L., Goyet, C.,
Tourtair, F., McDonagh, E., Bryden, H.L., 2009. Estimating the storage of anthropogenic carbon in the subtropical Indian Ocean: a comparison of five different approaches. Biogeosciences (BG) 6, 681–703. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-681-2009.
Álvarez, M., Sanleón-Bartolomé, H., Tanhua, T., Mintrop, L., Luchetta, A., Cantoni, C.,
Schroeder, K., Civitarese, G., 2014. The CO 2 system in the Mediterranean Sea: a basin
wide perspective. Ocean Sci. 10, 69–92. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-10-69-2014.
Anderson, L.A., 1995. On the hydrogen and oxygen content of marine phytoplankton.
Deep-Sea Res. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 42, 1675–1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/09670637(95)00072-E.
Bakun, A., Agostini, V.N., 2001. Seasonal patterns of wind-induced upwelling/downwelling in the Mediterranean Sea. Sci. Mar. 65, 243–257.
Bégovic, M., Copin-Montégut, C., 2002. Processes controlling annual variations in the
partial pressure of CO 2 in surface waters of the central northwestern Mediterranean
Sea (Dyfamed site). Deep-Sea Res. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 49, 2031–2047.
Benson, B.B., Krause, D., 1984. The concentration and isotopic fractionation of oxygen
dissolved in freshwater and seawater in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 29, 620–632. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1984.29.3.0620.
Béthoux, J.P., Morin, P., Ruiz-Pino, D.P., 2002. Temporal trends in nutrient ratios: chemical evidence of Mediterranean ecosystem changes driven by human activity. DeepSea Res. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 49, 2007–2016.
Bosse, A., Testor, P., Houpert, L., Damien, P., Prieur, L., Hayes, D., Taillandier, V., Durrieu
de Madron, X., d’Ortenzio, F., Coppola, L., Karstensen, J., Mortier, L., 2016. Scales
and dynamics of Submesoscale Coherent Vortices formed by deep convection in the
northwestern Mediterranean Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 121, 7716–7742. https://
doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012144.
Chen, C.-T.A., 1993. Carbonate chemistry of the wintertime Bering Sea marginal ice zone.
Cont. Shelf Res. 13, 67–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(93)90036-W.
Chen, G.-T., Millero, F.J., 1979. Gradual increase of oceanic CO 2 . Nature 277, 205–206.
https://doi.org/10.1038/277205a0.
Chen, C.T.A., Tsunogai, S., 1998. Carbon and nutrients in the ocean. In: Asian Change in
the Context of Global Climate Change: Impact of Natural and Anthropogenic Changes
in Asia on Global Biogeochemical Cycles, pp. 271–307.
Chen, C.-T.A., Jones, E.P., Lin, K., 1990. Wintertime total carbon dioxide measurements
in the Norwegian and greenland seas. Deep-Sea Res. A. Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 37,
1455–1473. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90137-K.
Chen, C.-T.A., Wang, S.-L., Bychkov, A.S., 1995. Carbonate chemistry of the Sea of Japan.
J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 100, 13737–13745. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC00939.
Chen, C.-T.A., Andreev, A., Kim, K.-R., Yamamoto, M., 2004. Roles of continental shelves
and marginal seas in the biogeochemical cycles of the North Pacific Ocean. J.
Oceanogr. 60, 17–44. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCE.0000038316.56018.d4.
Chen, C.-T.A., Hou, W.-P., Gamo, T., Wang, S.L., 2006a. Carbonate-related parameters of
subsurface waters in the West Philippine, South China and Sulu Seas. Mar. Chem.
151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.05.008. AQUACHEM – 04 99.
Chen, C.-T.A., Wang, S.-L., Chou, W.-C., Sheu, D.D., 2006b. Carbonate chemistry and
projected future changes in pH and CaCO 3 saturation state of the South China Sea.
Mar. Chem. 101, 277–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2006.01.007.
Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service, 2017. Copernicus. [WWW
Document] [dataset] URL. http://marine.copernicus.eu/services-portfolio/access-toproducts/ accessed 3.20.17.
Copin-Montégut, C., Bégovic, M., 2002. Distributions of carbonate properties and oxygen
along the water column (0–2000 m) in the central part of the NW Mediterranean Sea
(Dyfamed site): influence of winter vertical mixing on air–sea CO 2 and O 2 exchanges.
In: Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, Studies at the
DYFAMED (France JGOFS) Time-Series Station, N.W. Mediterranean Sea 49, pp.
2049–2066. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00027-9.
Copin-Montégut, C., Bégovic, M., Merlivat, L., 2004. Variability of the partial pressure of
CO 2 on diel to annual time scales in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Chem.
85, 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2003.10.005.
Coppola, L., Legendre, L., Lefèvre, D., Prieur, L., Taillandier, V., Riquier, E.D., 2018.
Seasonal and inter-annual variations of dissolved oxygen in the northwestern
Mediterranean Sea (DYFAMED site). Prog. Oceanogr. 162, 187–201.
Cossarini, G., Lazzari, P., Solidoro, C., 2015. Spatiotemporal variability of alkalinity in the
Mediterranean Sea. Biogeosciences 12, 1647–1658. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-121647-2015.
Dickson, A.G., 1990. Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic
Fig. 10. East-west vertical distribution of ΔpH computed using anthropogenic carbon concentration values of the MCM (a) and the TrOCA (b) approaches.
M.A. Keraghel, et al.
Marine Chemistry 221 (2020) 103783
14