28A
WORLD ATLAS OF CORAL REEFS
formerly legitimate trade has been stopped, although illegal exports may still be considerable.
Sedimentation is another major threat, and loads are
high in many rivers as a result of deforestation and poor
agricultural practices. Some 60-75 percent of the original
mangrove cover has been removed, reducing the role these
can play as nursery areas or sediment traps. Urban and
industrial effluent is a particular problem in some
locations, such as Manila Bay. At Toledo City, Cebu, an
estimated 100 000 tons of mine tailings are discharged
into the sea daily, with massive losses of fish and coral
cover along 7 kilometers of coastline. Similar problems of
discharge combined with poor flushing have affected
Calancan Bay in Marinduque, Tourism is a growing
industry in the Philippines, although diving is not as
significant as in other parts of the region, possibly in part
related to the degraded nature of so many reefs.
A considerable number of marine protected areas
have been declared in the Philippines but few have ever
been effectively enforced. Some of the larger sites have
failed to win the support of local communities, while in
others, the local people have been unable to control the
impacts of outsiders. There are a few exceptions to this
however, and the two small reserves of Apo Island and
Sumilon are globally recognized as examples of good
community-based management. In both cases very small
no-take zones have been established and actively enforced
for a number of years. This has led to increases in fish
populations and average sizes, which in turn have led to
export of fish from these areas to surrounding waters and
an overall increase in fish yields despite the partial closure
of reefs. In addition to these benefits, the islands have sold
merchandise to tourist divers, and from 1999 received a
fee from visiting dive vessels.
Protected areas with coral reefs
Site name
Designation
Abbreviation
lUCN cal.
Size Ikmil
YeaS
Philippines
Agan-an
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.06
1999
Andulay
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.06
1999
Apo Island
Protected Landscape/Seascape• PIS
V
6.91
1996
Apo Reef
Natural Park
NatP
II
.
116.77
1996
Basdiot
Fisfi Sanctuary
FiS
na
0.01
1988
Batanes
Protected Landscape/SeascapeI PLS
V
2 135.78
1994
Bien Unido
Fish Reserve
FishR
na
na
1995
Bio-OS
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.08
na
Bolisong
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.10
1995
Bongalonan
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.20
1993
Cabugan
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.07
1993
Cabulotan
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.06
1993
Cagayan Island
Other Area
ETC
Unassigned
na
1970
Calag-calag
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.07
1991
Cangmating
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.06
1997
Caohagan
Marine Reserve/Tourist Zone
MR/TZ
na
na
na
Carbin Reef
Municipal Park
MuP
na
2.00
1983
Danjugan Island
Private Reserve
PrivR
Unassigned
0.43
1994
ElNido
Marine Reserve
MR
Unassigned
950.00
1992
Fortune Island
Marine Reserve/Tourist Zone
MR/TZ
Unassigned
na
1978
Fugo Island
Marine Reserve/Tourist Zone
MR/TZ
Unassigned
na
1978
-.
i
.—
WORLD ATLAS OF CORAL REEFS
formerly legitimate trade has been stopped, although illegal exports may still be considerable.
Sedimentation is another major threat, and loads are
high in many rivers as a result of deforestation and poor
agricultural practices. Some 60-75 percent of the original
mangrove cover has been removed, reducing the role these
can play as nursery areas or sediment traps. Urban and
industrial effluent is a particular problem in some
locations, such as Manila Bay. At Toledo City, Cebu, an
estimated 100 000 tons of mine tailings are discharged
into the sea daily, with massive losses of fish and coral
cover along 7 kilometers of coastline. Similar problems of
discharge combined with poor flushing have affected
Calancan Bay in Marinduque, Tourism is a growing
industry in the Philippines, although diving is not as
significant as in other parts of the region, possibly in part
related to the degraded nature of so many reefs.
A considerable number of marine protected areas
have been declared in the Philippines but few have ever
been effectively enforced. Some of the larger sites have
failed to win the support of local communities, while in
others, the local people have been unable to control the
impacts of outsiders. There are a few exceptions to this
however, and the two small reserves of Apo Island and
Sumilon are globally recognized as examples of good
community-based management. In both cases very small
no-take zones have been established and actively enforced
for a number of years. This has led to increases in fish
populations and average sizes, which in turn have led to
export of fish from these areas to surrounding waters and
an overall increase in fish yields despite the partial closure
of reefs. In addition to these benefits, the islands have sold
merchandise to tourist divers, and from 1999 received a
fee from visiting dive vessels.
Protected areas with coral reefs
Site name
Designation
Abbreviation
lUCN cal.
Size Ikmil
YeaS
Philippines
Agan-an
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.06
1999
Andulay
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.06
1999
Apo Island
Protected Landscape/Seascape• PIS
V
6.91
1996
Apo Reef
Natural Park
NatP
II
.
116.77
1996
Basdiot
Fisfi Sanctuary
FiS
na
0.01
1988
Batanes
Protected Landscape/SeascapeI PLS
V
2 135.78
1994
Bien Unido
Fish Reserve
FishR
na
na
1995
Bio-OS
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.08
na
Bolisong
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.10
1995
Bongalonan
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.20
1993
Cabugan
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.07
1993
Cabulotan
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.06
1993
Cagayan Island
Other Area
ETC
Unassigned
na
1970
Calag-calag
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.07
1991
Cangmating
Municipal Marine Reserve
MuMR
IV
0.06
1997
Caohagan
Marine Reserve/Tourist Zone
MR/TZ
na
na
na
Carbin Reef
Municipal Park
MuP
na
2.00
1983
Danjugan Island
Private Reserve
PrivR
Unassigned
0.43
1994
ElNido
Marine Reserve
MR
Unassigned
950.00
1992
Fortune Island
Marine Reserve/Tourist Zone
MR/TZ
Unassigned
na
1978
Fugo Island
Marine Reserve/Tourist Zone
MR/TZ
Unassigned
na
1978
-.
i
.—