58
K. Dabmwski et al.
‘
ll.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
_
The optimum protein content in carp diet was estimated to be 35% (see
Jauncey,
1982) but in diet containing 18% lipid it was possible to reduce
protein level from 45 to 292 without the decrease in weight gain. There is
indication that the optimum protein level decreases conSiderably during grass
carp ontogenesis. In fish of 0.2, 2.4 and 8 g individual body weight, the
maximum growth was achieved at 42, 37.7 and 26.5% of protein in the diet
(Dabrowski, 1977; Ding et al., 1980). This aspect certainly needs further
attention since in comparable way, any
fish species has been studied in
respect to ontegenetic changes in protein (nutrients) requirements.
’
The role of lipid in increasing carp growth is connected with qualita—
tive aspect of protein utilization and plant protein could be ideal substi—
tute
for animal protein in carp diet when processed and supplemented with de—
ficient amino acids
(Viola et al., 1982, 1983). The soybean oil has been of
equal value in carp diet to animal cils.
.
Dietary carbohydrate source utilization in carp can be affected consi—
derably by frequency of feeding, but growth rate of fish fed maltose or glu—
cose
can
be as
good or better as in fish fed starch (Mhrai et al., 1983a).
Ingestion of oxidized lipids during 45 weeks in carp led to the 60% re—
duètion of growth and tocopherol was not able to reverse these changes
(Iijima and Zama, 1979). Further studies (Tijima et al. 1983) elucidated that
the oxidized lipid do not affect conversion of glycerol—3—phosphate to phosf
pholipid precursor, but they inhibit to 252 the synthesis of di— and triglyf
cerides via phosphatidic acid. In carp induction of desaturases activity in‘
formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by cold adaptation take place
only during 48—72 hours (Schünke and Wodtke, 1983). Both in vivo and in Vitro
preparations (Parkas, 1984) proved that the level of
winter carp is achieved within few hours in liver slices of both cold— and
warm—adapted fish. Ectothermal carp seems to lack endogenoùs control of fatty
acid synthesis at least in phospholipids.
A.
Amine acid requirements
'
Various test diets composed of crystaline amino acids were formulated to
'
determine the essential amino acids of common carp, but utilization of these
diets were extremely poor (Ace et al. 1970). Later it was found by NoSe et
al.
(1974) that carp-shows a certain growth response if pH of the amino acid
diet is adjusted to higher than 5. Using this diet it was determined that the
same
10 amino acids as those for most animals, are indispensable for carp
growth. Quantitative requirements of amino acids were established (Nose, 1979)
based on the growth response of fish fed the pH adjusted diet for 6 weeks
(Tabl. 1). As has been recognized in other fish, cystine and tyrosine can
spare or replace certain portions of dietary methionine and phenylalanine,
respectively.
Mhrai et al.
(1983b) were able to impr0ve utilization of amino
acid
mixture diet, and growth of carp by supplementation of K up
this line of research should be continued.“
%
Ogino (1980) proposed that amino acid requirements can be
data on amino acid composition of the whole body and daily body protein
sition. If a diet containing 35% protein with 802 of
fed at a level of 3%.bi0nmss,daily, it can be asSümed that fish
‘
0:58 g of protein per 100 g of body Weight daily. Data based on this
t10n_are also shown in Iabl.
Requirements determined by these two methods
1°'adïït9
Ptn
…
source
and time aft
f
differ depend on pr0teih
er
eed1ng (Dabr0WSkls 19838, 1986). In this context, the
K. Dabmwski et al.
‘
ll.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
_
The optimum protein content in carp diet was estimated to be 35% (see
Jauncey,
1982) but in diet containing 18% lipid it was possible to reduce
protein level from 45 to 292 without the decrease in weight gain. There is
indication that the optimum protein level decreases conSiderably during grass
carp ontogenesis. In fish of 0.2, 2.4 and 8 g individual body weight, the
maximum growth was achieved at 42, 37.7 and 26.5% of protein in the diet
(Dabrowski, 1977; Ding et al., 1980). This aspect certainly needs further
attention since in comparable way, any
fish species has been studied in
respect to ontegenetic changes in protein (nutrients) requirements.
’
The role of lipid in increasing carp growth is connected with qualita—
tive aspect of protein utilization and plant protein could be ideal substi—
tute
for animal protein in carp diet when processed and supplemented with de—
ficient amino acids
(Viola et al., 1982, 1983). The soybean oil has been of
equal value in carp diet to animal cils.
.
Dietary carbohydrate source utilization in carp can be affected consi—
derably by frequency of feeding, but growth rate of fish fed maltose or glu—
cose
can
be as
good or better as in fish fed starch (Mhrai et al., 1983a).
Ingestion of oxidized lipids during 45 weeks in carp led to the 60% re—
duètion of growth and tocopherol was not able to reverse these changes
(Iijima and Zama, 1979). Further studies (Tijima et al. 1983) elucidated that
the oxidized lipid do not affect conversion of glycerol—3—phosphate to phosf
pholipid precursor, but they inhibit to 252 the synthesis of di— and triglyf
cerides via phosphatidic acid. In carp induction of desaturases activity in‘
formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by cold adaptation take place
only during 48—72 hours (Schünke and Wodtke, 1983). Both in vivo and in Vitro
preparations (Parkas, 1984) proved that the level of
winter carp is achieved within few hours in liver slices of both cold— and
warm—adapted fish. Ectothermal carp seems to lack endogenoùs control of fatty
acid synthesis at least in phospholipids.
A.
Amine acid requirements
'
Various test diets composed of crystaline amino acids were formulated to
'
determine the essential amino acids of common carp, but utilization of these
diets were extremely poor (Ace et al. 1970). Later it was found by NoSe et
al.
(1974) that carp-shows a certain growth response if pH of the amino acid
diet is adjusted to higher than 5. Using this diet it was determined that the
same
10 amino acids as those for most animals, are indispensable for carp
growth. Quantitative requirements of amino acids were established (Nose, 1979)
based on the growth response of fish fed the pH adjusted diet for 6 weeks
(Tabl. 1). As has been recognized in other fish, cystine and tyrosine can
spare or replace certain portions of dietary methionine and phenylalanine,
respectively.
Mhrai et al.
(1983b) were able to impr0ve utilization of amino
acid
mixture diet, and growth of carp by supplementation of K up
this line of research should be continued.“
%
Ogino (1980) proposed that amino acid requirements can be
data on amino acid composition of the whole body and daily body protein
sition. If a diet containing 35% protein with 802 of
fed at a level of 3%.bi0nmss,daily, it can be asSümed that fish
‘
0:58 g of protein per 100 g of body Weight daily. Data based on this
t10n_are also shown in Iabl.
Requirements determined by these two methods
1°'adïït9
Ptn
…
source
and time aft
f
differ depend on pr0teih
er
eed1ng (Dabr0WSkls 19838, 1986). In this context, the