442
C.H.J. Lamers
BSA.
They also used temperature as a means to separate helper, suppressor and
antibody
producing functions during the immune response.
Avtalion
(1969) reported that carp kept at 12°C did not produce antibodies against BSA,
whereas
they
did at
25°C.
Nevertheless, synthesis and release of antibody could take
place at 12°C if the fish after immunization were kept at 25°C during the
la—
tent
period°
So
there
is
a
temperature sensitive phase in the sequence of
events
leading to antibody synthesis,
which
subsequently
has
been
located
between the 3rd and 4th day after primary stimulation (Avtalion et al., 1973).
Using a hapten—carrier system (Weiss & Avtalion, 1977) or using altered
forms
of
BSA (which do not induce antibody production by itself, but still generate
the helper function;
Avtalion et ale, 1980), it was shown
that
specifically
the generation of helper function in carp was blocked at low temperatures.
In
addition, carp showed the ability to mount a
secondary
humoral
response
at
12°C only, if they had been primed and kept for several days at 25°C, indicat—
ing the involvement of the same helper function for the development of
memory
(Avtalion,
1981).
Avtalion
et
al.
(1975)
stated that the activation of
T—like
lymphocytes requires a higher temperature than of
B—like
lymphocytes.
Data
obtained
from in vitro studies, although with other fish species, agree
with
the opinion that—the temperature
sensitivity
of
B—
and
T—like
cells
differ
-(Cuchens
& Clem, 1977;
Clem et al., 1984)…
Data obtained by Rijkers
et
al‘
(1980b) are not fully compatible with foregoing;
they
observed
that
the
primary anti—SRBC responses in carp were delayed at low temperatures, but
the height of the response was unaltered°
However, as formerly reported,
the
ability to mount a clear anamnestic response was impared below 18°C, which in—
dicates
that
the
helper
function
for
the
primary
response
and
the
helper—memory
function
are
affected
in a different way by the temperature—
The
relationship between temperature and peak day of the primary humoral
res—
ponse
closely
matched
the
relationship between temperature and the survival
time
of allografts in goldfish (Rijkers et al., 1980b;
Hildemann
&
Cooper,
1963).
Rijkers (1982b) stated that the humoral and cellular immunity in fish
are
affected by temperature in a similar way°
Other
factors affecting the_immune response, as antigen nature, dose
and
route
of
delivery,
have been mentioned in former sections.
Moreover, there
may be a suppressive effect on the antibody production of presenting different
antigens
together,
or
in close succession (Desveaux & Charlemagne, 1981), of
the presence
of
pollutant agents (Zeeman & Brindly, 1981) and of exposing fish
to
stress
inducing
events
(Ellis, 1981b)°
Moreover, some antibiotics
Oxytetracyclin (Oxytc)) have been found to
reduce
the
immune
responses
in
carp,
as
shown
by
the prolongation of the scale allograft rejection and by
suppression of the anti—SRBC antibody response (Rijkers etal., 1980d,
19813)These
results have been confirmed by Grondel & Boesten (1982), who found that
Oxytc inhibited the in_vitro mitogenic responses of carp lymphocytes
to
both
PHA and LPS.
ln more recent
studies it appeared that the suppresive effect of
low concentrations of Oxytc was rather a delay in the kinetics than
a
reduction
of
the height of the responseThis holds
true
for
both in vitro mito—
genic responses of lymphocytes as for the in vivo anti—SRBC antibody—_ËËËPOUSE
(Grondel
et
al., 1985, personal
Moreover, they observed the
immuno—modulating effect of some other antibiotics.
The
authors
stressed
the
notion that a careful choice has
to
be made before certain drugs will be used,
and that the prolonged application of tetracyclines, mixed with the food,
for
the
prevention of diseases in fish culture systems,
should be avoided:
ËËËEËÊEÊËEÈÊEÊÊËJ
Besides external factors with immunomodualting proper“
ties,
there are internal factors, mechanisms and cells that regulate and con—
trol
the immune processes.
Grondel
& Harmsen (1984) and Caspi & Avtalion (1984a) gave
evidence
for
ËhÎikîxîstence
of growth factors in carp, which promote proliferation of carp
ymphoblasts.
The factors are produced by
leukocytes
upon
mitogenic
C.H.J. Lamers
BSA.
They also used temperature as a means to separate helper, suppressor and
antibody
producing functions during the immune response.
Avtalion
(1969) reported that carp kept at 12°C did not produce antibodies against BSA,
whereas
they
did at
25°C.
Nevertheless, synthesis and release of antibody could take
place at 12°C if the fish after immunization were kept at 25°C during the
la—
tent
period°
So
there
is
a
temperature sensitive phase in the sequence of
events
leading to antibody synthesis,
which
subsequently
has
been
located
between the 3rd and 4th day after primary stimulation (Avtalion et al., 1973).
Using a hapten—carrier system (Weiss & Avtalion, 1977) or using altered
forms
of
BSA (which do not induce antibody production by itself, but still generate
the helper function;
Avtalion et ale, 1980), it was shown
that
specifically
the generation of helper function in carp was blocked at low temperatures.
In
addition, carp showed the ability to mount a
secondary
humoral
response
at
12°C only, if they had been primed and kept for several days at 25°C, indicat—
ing the involvement of the same helper function for the development of
memory
(Avtalion,
1981).
Avtalion
et
al.
(1975)
stated that the activation of
T—like
lymphocytes requires a higher temperature than of
B—like
lymphocytes.
Data
obtained
from in vitro studies, although with other fish species, agree
with
the opinion that—the temperature
sensitivity
of
B—
and
T—like
cells
differ
-(Cuchens
& Clem, 1977;
Clem et al., 1984)…
Data obtained by Rijkers
et
al‘
(1980b) are not fully compatible with foregoing;
they
observed
that
the
primary anti—SRBC responses in carp were delayed at low temperatures, but
the height of the response was unaltered°
However, as formerly reported,
the
ability to mount a clear anamnestic response was impared below 18°C, which in—
dicates
that
the
helper
function
for
the
primary
response
and
the
helper—memory
function
are
affected
in a different way by the temperature—
The
relationship between temperature and peak day of the primary humoral
res—
ponse
closely
matched
the
relationship between temperature and the survival
time
of allografts in goldfish (Rijkers et al., 1980b;
Hildemann
&
Cooper,
1963).
Rijkers (1982b) stated that the humoral and cellular immunity in fish
are
affected by temperature in a similar way°
Other
factors affecting the_immune response, as antigen nature, dose
and
route
of
delivery,
have been mentioned in former sections.
Moreover, there
may be a suppressive effect on the antibody production of presenting different
antigens
together,
or
in close succession (Desveaux & Charlemagne, 1981), of
the presence
of
pollutant agents (Zeeman & Brindly, 1981) and of exposing fish
to
stress
inducing
events
(Ellis, 1981b)°
Moreover, some antibiotics
Oxytetracyclin (Oxytc)) have been found to
reduce
the
immune
responses
in
carp,
as
shown
by
the prolongation of the scale allograft rejection and by
suppression of the anti—SRBC antibody response (Rijkers etal., 1980d,
19813)These
results have been confirmed by Grondel & Boesten (1982), who found that
Oxytc inhibited the in_vitro mitogenic responses of carp lymphocytes
to
both
PHA and LPS.
ln more recent
studies it appeared that the suppresive effect of
low concentrations of Oxytc was rather a delay in the kinetics than
a
reduction
of
the height of the responseThis holds
true
for
both in vitro mito—
genic responses of lymphocytes as for the in vivo anti—SRBC antibody—_ËËËPOUSE
(Grondel
et
al., 1985, personal
Moreover, they observed the
immuno—modulating effect of some other antibiotics.
The
authors
stressed
the
notion that a careful choice has
to
be made before certain drugs will be used,
and that the prolonged application of tetracyclines, mixed with the food,
for
the
prevention of diseases in fish culture systems,
should be avoided:
ËËËEËÊEÊËEÈÊEÊÊËJ
Besides external factors with immunomodualting proper“
ties,
there are internal factors, mechanisms and cells that regulate and con—
trol
the immune processes.
Grondel
& Harmsen (1984) and Caspi & Avtalion (1984a) gave
evidence
for
ËhÎikîxîstence
of growth factors in carp, which promote proliferation of carp
ymphoblasts.
The factors are produced by
leukocytes
upon
mitogenic