386
V. R. P. Sinha
CASE STUDIES
Table—l
shows
successful
case
studies
made
in
different countries.
Ho—
wever,
as
indicated
before,
isolated successful integrated farming systems
have
been
analysed from different parts of India. Case studies in India in—
volve
the
details
of
farm
situation, household information, primary purpose
of
farming,
farming inventory along with farm improvement if any, land use,
labour use,
cost and return, support services,
like
credit, marketing, tech—
nical service, rural organization, then the constraints and reasons for suc—
cess
and
failure
along with possible new approaches to improve the produc—
tion.
These
need
careful
study
(Sinha,
1985).
However,
the
most
important
observations
are
:
(see tabl. 1).
1°)
In
paddy
fields
which
are
used
simultaneously
for
both
rice
and
fish
cultivation,-or fish as the second crop, the income from fish is much higher
than
rice
obviously because
the
price
of
fish
is
at
least
ten
times
more
than
rice.
However,
much
scope
exists
for
improvement if farmers adopt im—
prove
management practices—particularly eradicating/controlling trash fish
from
paddy—fields
and
providing
protection
to
the
commercially
important
fishes
and
cultivating suitable variety of paddy. Presently, this system of
production remains by and large traditional.
2°) The case studies clearly show that fish culture in about 30—80 % of farm
areas,
gives 80—90 % of total farm income in any system of integrated far—
ming even if the fish culture component had not been successfully implemen—
ted.
3°)
Horticulture
is
integrated excellently with fish culture since the for—
mer
calls
for
uninterrupted irrigation and yields sizable soft—texture was—
tes
which
the
fish utilizes as
feed.
4°)
Integrated farming leads to higher labour engagement and better net in—
come.
Even
when
the
farmers
practised paddy cultivation
in
brackishwater
along with the entrapped fish, the income from fish was 80 % of labour time.
The
labour
absorbing capacity of fish culture has been found to be remarka—
ble
in
the
case
studies
involving integration of fish—livestock—horticultu—
re.
The
rate
of
fish
production of 1500 kg to 3000 kg/ha depending on the
degrees
of
scientific
practices
adopted
involving ZOO—300 man—days of la—
bour/ha and giving high net cash income to the farmers, positively indicate
the
tremendous
role
fish
culture
has
to
play in ushering rural prosperity
through
integration of fish culture along with other agricultural crop of
animal husbandry.
…
The
case
studies
indicate
the
potentiality of integrated farming SYS—
tem, however, also clearly show the constraints which are as follows :
1°) While land preparation for paddy poses at times difficulty for fish cul—
ture,
fields
without
proper
water
structures either suffer badly With floo—
ding and consequently
loss
of
fish
or
with
water
shortage restricting the
period of fish culture.
High temperature and turbidity of the paddy fields
adversely affect fish life.
V. R. P. Sinha
CASE STUDIES
Table—l
shows
successful
case
studies
made
in
different countries.
Ho—
wever,
as
indicated
before,
isolated successful integrated farming systems
have
been
analysed from different parts of India. Case studies in India in—
volve
the
details
of
farm
situation, household information, primary purpose
of
farming,
farming inventory along with farm improvement if any, land use,
labour use,
cost and return, support services,
like
credit, marketing, tech—
nical service, rural organization, then the constraints and reasons for suc—
cess
and
failure
along with possible new approaches to improve the produc—
tion.
These
need
careful
study
(Sinha,
1985).
However,
the
most
important
observations
are
:
(see tabl. 1).
1°)
In
paddy
fields
which
are
used
simultaneously
for
both
rice
and
fish
cultivation,-or fish as the second crop, the income from fish is much higher
than
rice
obviously because
the
price
of
fish
is
at
least
ten
times
more
than
rice.
However,
much
scope
exists
for
improvement if farmers adopt im—
prove
management practices—particularly eradicating/controlling trash fish
from
paddy—fields
and
providing
protection
to
the
commercially
important
fishes
and
cultivating suitable variety of paddy. Presently, this system of
production remains by and large traditional.
2°) The case studies clearly show that fish culture in about 30—80 % of farm
areas,
gives 80—90 % of total farm income in any system of integrated far—
ming even if the fish culture component had not been successfully implemen—
ted.
3°)
Horticulture
is
integrated excellently with fish culture since the for—
mer
calls
for
uninterrupted irrigation and yields sizable soft—texture was—
tes
which
the
fish utilizes as
feed.
4°)
Integrated farming leads to higher labour engagement and better net in—
come.
Even
when
the
farmers
practised paddy cultivation
in
brackishwater
along with the entrapped fish, the income from fish was 80 % of labour time.
The
labour
absorbing capacity of fish culture has been found to be remarka—
ble
in
the
case
studies
involving integration of fish—livestock—horticultu—
re.
The
rate
of
fish
production of 1500 kg to 3000 kg/ha depending on the
degrees
of
scientific
practices
adopted
involving ZOO—300 man—days of la—
bour/ha and giving high net cash income to the farmers, positively indicate
the
tremendous
role
fish
culture
has
to
play in ushering rural prosperity
through
integration of fish culture along with other agricultural crop of
animal husbandry.
…
The
case
studies
indicate
the
potentiality of integrated farming SYS—
tem, however, also clearly show the constraints which are as follows :
1°) While land preparation for paddy poses at times difficulty for fish cul—
ture,
fields
without
proper
water
structures either suffer badly With floo—
ding and consequently
loss
of
fish
or
with
water
shortage restricting the
period of fish culture.
High temperature and turbidity of the paddy fields
adversely affect fish life.