integrated cam farming in Asian country
379
The
fish
while
contrdling the excessive growth of plankton, which compete
With the paddy, also control zootecton, insects, molluscs, the submerged and
floating weeds harbouring the above and adversely affecting paddy. Fish fer—
tilize
through
its
fecal
matter
and
acts
as
"swimming fertilizer factory"
and
also
overturns
the
submerged soil normally under reduced stage making
thus
available
more
nutrient
and
oxygen
to
the
root of paddy, acting like a
biological plough (Sinha, 1985).
In fact, in integrated farming nothing is wasted, the byproduct of one
system becomes the input for other. The pond embankment used for terrestrial
crop and raising of the livestock near the water bodies offer integration of
such
farming system with fish cultivation.
The
recent
approach to feed the
stocked
fish
with
supplementary feeds and also to enrich the water with or—
ganic and inorganic
fertilizers
to
augment fish production and utilization
of
the
enriched
pond mud and water for crop farming necessitates an integra—
tion
of‘
fish
culture
with
other
farming systems.
In
addition,
irrigation
system
and
sewage
need
to
be
profitably used in fish farming for optimal
utilization of the water and waste.
_
A.
Integration in the water body
Polyculture
of
different
carp
species,
their
cultivation
in
the
rice
fields
and
in
the
irrigation systems come under this system of integration.
Since polyculture of carp is dealt separately by other scientist, this paper
is dealing only with carp in the rice field and in the irrigation system.
1.
Paddy—cum—carp culture
In
order
to
facilitate
fish
culture
in
paddy—fields,
the
farmers
make
water
retention
or
detention
structures
which
help storage and conservation
Of water favouring paddy growth. These structures are either circular moat—
like trench, pond or ditch type depending on the configuration/topography of
the
land.
The
use
of‘
such
improvisations of paddy fields fall under three
broad
categories
:
(1)
for
harvesting
the
wild
(natural
occurring
fish
cr0p)
;
(ii)
for
harvesting the
fish
crop
after
certain
interval
of
time
i.e.
trapping and holding for growth ; and (iii) f0r raising fry to finger—
lings or to marketable size fish.
Generally,
fish
culture
in
paddy fields
is
undertaken
as
second
crop
after
the
single annual crop of paddy or as an
intermediate crop between the paddy harvest and the
next transplantation or
as
concurrent
crop
with
paddy.
This
system of farming is mOSt prevalent
ln
Japan,
China,
Indonesia,
India,
Thailand
and
Philippines
involv1ng
mainly
common
carp,
silver
carp,
bighead,
Puntius,
tilapia,
snakehead,
Σ%ÊË9ËËËÎ
ËÊÈ, Helostoma, Osteochilus, gourami in freshwater and shrimp and milk fish
in brackishwater.
.
l.l Japan
.
.
(common carp)
culture
in
rice
fields
is.,qUite advanced in
(Hickling, 1962), however, it has got serious set back because of pest1c1de
use
in paddy cultivation.
379
The
fish
while
contrdling the excessive growth of plankton, which compete
With the paddy, also control zootecton, insects, molluscs, the submerged and
floating weeds harbouring the above and adversely affecting paddy. Fish fer—
tilize
through
its
fecal
matter
and
acts
as
"swimming fertilizer factory"
and
also
overturns
the
submerged soil normally under reduced stage making
thus
available
more
nutrient
and
oxygen
to
the
root of paddy, acting like a
biological plough (Sinha, 1985).
In fact, in integrated farming nothing is wasted, the byproduct of one
system becomes the input for other. The pond embankment used for terrestrial
crop and raising of the livestock near the water bodies offer integration of
such
farming system with fish cultivation.
The
recent
approach to feed the
stocked
fish
with
supplementary feeds and also to enrich the water with or—
ganic and inorganic
fertilizers
to
augment fish production and utilization
of
the
enriched
pond mud and water for crop farming necessitates an integra—
tion
of‘
fish
culture
with
other
farming systems.
In
addition,
irrigation
system
and
sewage
need
to
be
profitably used in fish farming for optimal
utilization of the water and waste.
_
A.
Integration in the water body
Polyculture
of
different
carp
species,
their
cultivation
in
the
rice
fields
and
in
the
irrigation systems come under this system of integration.
Since polyculture of carp is dealt separately by other scientist, this paper
is dealing only with carp in the rice field and in the irrigation system.
1.
Paddy—cum—carp culture
In
order
to
facilitate
fish
culture
in
paddy—fields,
the
farmers
make
water
retention
or
detention
structures
which
help storage and conservation
Of water favouring paddy growth. These structures are either circular moat—
like trench, pond or ditch type depending on the configuration/topography of
the
land.
The
use
of‘
such
improvisations of paddy fields fall under three
broad
categories
:
(1)
for
harvesting
the
wild
(natural
occurring
fish
cr0p)
;
(ii)
for
harvesting the
fish
crop
after
certain
interval
of
time
i.e.
trapping and holding for growth ; and (iii) f0r raising fry to finger—
lings or to marketable size fish.
Generally,
fish
culture
in
paddy fields
is
undertaken
as
second
crop
after
the
single annual crop of paddy or as an
intermediate crop between the paddy harvest and the
next transplantation or
as
concurrent
crop
with
paddy.
This
system of farming is mOSt prevalent
ln
Japan,
China,
Indonesia,
India,
Thailand
and
Philippines
involv1ng
mainly
common
carp,
silver
carp,
bighead,
Puntius,
tilapia,
snakehead,
Σ%ÊË9ËËËÎ
ËÊÈ, Helostoma, Osteochilus, gourami in freshwater and shrimp and milk fish
in brackishwater.
.
l.l Japan
.
.
(common carp)
culture
in
rice
fields
is.,qUite advanced in
(Hickling, 1962), however, it has got serious set back because of pest1c1de
use
in paddy cultivation.