276
__
K. 0puszyñsk_i
.
fed
with prepared nutritionailÿ balanced feed, while the fish were fed«
with the
ducks
The
duck 's performance on the ponds was
superior to their land controla Fish gain was not significantiy
{rom
ponds receiving similar mixtures of pouiutry -manure plus
su—
_
ppie'mentary feeds
et
ai…» 1982). When fresh manure
swine housed on the
pond banks was used in iiiinois
(U.S.AJ a food
conversion
(dry pig feed to‘ wet weight of sh, prawns and pige) "was
about
1
:
1.3
(Maiecha et ai., 1981).
'
w _ REGIONAL SURVEY
OF
CARE
POLYCULTURE
Ïîÿ
it sounds ironicaîy that the most ancient and sophisticated
nese
poiyculture developed by chance. For at least 1200 years
common
carp
was
raised in monocuiture° During the Tang
(618 — 906 A.D.) fate wiiied that the name of the Emperor be simi—ian‘à
to
the
common
name
(li) of carp° Fishing, sales and consumption of
ail Common carp
was
banned. Fish culturists, therefore9 turned
to…*W
_
other species of local fish. Monoculture of the common carp was thus
definitively replaced by polycuiture (FAOE 1983).
'
At
present,, Chinese production in polyculture includes mainly
the
following species: gross carp, silver carp,- bighead carp, muet
,
corp,
common
carp, black carp, crucian corp and snakehead.
PrOp‘OŸ—Ë
tions between the
particuiar fish Species are various,
iocai conditions, availabity of fertilizers and food. However,
types of mixed stock can be recognized, grass carp being the
mental species in the first, and silver carp in the second. In the tjv!î…»3€
first type a high level of production reaching 7500
ha“:L
achieved. Average production excéeds 1500 kg haî
in the
type, although in some ponds even 20 000 kg
be
(Opuszyñski, 1982).
Contrary to poiyculturé practice in
commôn
carp was used in Europe until the end of the Second World War.
Some indigenous fish speCieshave: been raiseditogether with carp
but
their? production has not participate-d signicantly in the totat
yieid, because
pconsunies a11ç5pe€iesof
tes on
which other autochtonic fish feed— (Opuszÿñskù 1972)°
=‘%—«’J‘ïÏëvïï
ï
pÎSCÎVP‘I‘ÔŒS
because of their terminal position on the…foodi‘w
wchaih_
mass—productionincarp
Northern
pike—pe‘rch;
kept
,»quantities forvai of
open
water bodies (sex—ka, 1=980;Rÿznik‘ov and. Pietro“ 1984). The
PFOdUCÜOÜ“ Of
a :few sites due to
difficulti‘es in
(Dubskÿ et al.,
pond‘s.
and
catishis considered as a“1uXuvy‘fOOd“
1
3
Ü.
«
Among“
‘
“Ying sh— But its share.
adecœases
1983; Pokornÿ, 1983)”. Its ‘pr6duCtion'amounts to only 4% in Czech0—
slovakia
et- ; ah,
in Poland.
_
Other , benthic and
feedersare raised maarp --'p c”,>hdS
_
countïîies »‘
according …to
in the
__
K. 0puszyñsk_i
.
fed
with prepared nutritionailÿ balanced feed, while the fish were fed«
with the
ducks
The
duck 's performance on the ponds was
superior to their land controla Fish gain was not significantiy
{rom
ponds receiving similar mixtures of pouiutry -manure plus
su—
_
ppie'mentary feeds
et
ai…» 1982). When fresh manure
swine housed on the
pond banks was used in iiiinois
(U.S.AJ a food
conversion
(dry pig feed to‘ wet weight of sh, prawns and pige) "was
about
1
:
1.3
(Maiecha et ai., 1981).
'
w _ REGIONAL SURVEY
OF
CARE
POLYCULTURE
Ïîÿ
it sounds ironicaîy that the most ancient and sophisticated
nese
poiyculture developed by chance. For at least 1200 years
common
carp
was
raised in monocuiture° During the Tang
(618 — 906 A.D.) fate wiiied that the name of the Emperor be simi—ian‘à
to
the
common
name
(li) of carp° Fishing, sales and consumption of
ail Common carp
was
banned. Fish culturists, therefore9 turned
to…*W
_
other species of local fish. Monoculture of the common carp was thus
definitively replaced by polycuiture (FAOE 1983).
'
At
present,, Chinese production in polyculture includes mainly
the
following species: gross carp, silver carp,- bighead carp, muet
,
corp,
common
carp, black carp, crucian corp and snakehead.
PrOp‘OŸ—Ë
tions between the
particuiar fish Species are various,
iocai conditions, availabity of fertilizers and food. However,
types of mixed stock can be recognized, grass carp being the
mental species in the first, and silver carp in the second. In the tjv!î…»3€
first type a high level of production reaching 7500
ha“:L
achieved. Average production excéeds 1500 kg haî
in the
type, although in some ponds even 20 000 kg
be
(Opuszyñski, 1982).
Contrary to poiyculturé practice in
commôn
carp was used in Europe until the end of the Second World War.
Some indigenous fish speCieshave: been raiseditogether with carp
but
their? production has not participate-d signicantly in the totat
yieid, because
pconsunies a11ç5pe€iesof
tes on
which other autochtonic fish feed— (Opuszÿñskù 1972)°
=‘%—«’J‘ïÏëvïï
ï
pÎSCÎVP‘I‘ÔŒS
because of their terminal position on the…foodi‘w
wchaih_
mass—productionincarp
Northern
pike—pe‘rch;
kept
,»quantities forvai of
open
water bodies (sex—ka, 1=980;Rÿznik‘ov and. Pietro“ 1984). The
PFOdUCÜOÜ“ Of
a :few sites due to
difficulti‘es in
(Dubskÿ et al.,
pond‘s.
and
catishis considered as a“1uXuvy‘fOOd“
1
3
Ü.
«
Among“
‘
“Ying sh— But its share.
adecœases
1983; Pokornÿ, 1983)”. Its ‘pr6duCtion'amounts to only 4% in Czech0—
slovakia
et- ; ah,
in Poland.
_
Other , benthic and
feedersare raised maarp --'p c”,>hdS
_
countïîies »‘
according …to
in the