Worldwide status of carp culture
27
There is significant carp production in Iran and Turkey (Table 1). In N., Iran,
one
large farm produces 1600—1800t/yr (65%
silver
carp, 157€
grass
carp, 1072
common
carp plus bighead and other species) and there are large hatcheries e.g.,
10
million fry/yr from a single
complex.
The
Israeli
industry is also significant
but recent production is static at 6—7000t/yn
One
possibility is the development
of an export
industry for Israeli
processed
carp products.
In
Western
Europe,
there are culture industries wherever carp are acceptable (Table 1).
These range
from
very
small
(e.,ga
Switzerland,
about
2t/yr)
through
newly
developing
industries
UK,
about
50t/yr,
now
gearing
for experts
due
to
limited
domestic demand)
to larger
industries
e.g.
France,
for
which
estimates
are
variable (see
Table
1)°
The
case
of
Germany (FR G) illustrates
that
summary
statistics can have several components°
In
1975, total FRC common carp supply
was
8029t:
3602, cultured by about
4,000
farmers about
15,000 ha;
715, wild
caught; 3763, imported (less 51 exported)°
&)
The
Americas
Common and
Chinese
carps
have
been spread
thr0ugh Latin
and
North
America,
but there are no large culture
industries.
Research and development
efforts
are
underway
in
Panama
(waste—fed
polyculture
systems)
and
Peru
(sewage—ñsh culture) but the
tilapias, Macrobrachium and indigenous fishes will
likely be the main species
for Latin American
aquaculture.
Ab0ut 13t of carps
and
Asian
catfish were
cultured in Guam,
Hawaii and
California
in
1981—82
(Stern and Ure, 1984).
Grass carp production in Hawaii could expand if processed
products were deve10ped.
Ill—
RESEARCH
ADVANCES AND THE
FUTURE
A —— Controlled Breeding
For
Chinese
and Indian major carps, controlled
breeding has
come
to
mean
induced
spawning, a
narrow
definition,
but one
which reflects
present
needs.
lnduced spawning by hypophysation is
well—established.
Procedures vary
but
for
females usually a total dose of 3—12 Ing/kg pituitary homogenate is given, 1/3 as a
primary
dose at
1800
hrs
and
2/3
six
hours
later.
Homo— and
heteroplastic
preparations are effective.
When
other preparations such as HCG (especially for
silver
carp) and luteinizing hormone
releasing hormones (LH—RH) are
used, some
fish pituitary preparations are usually kept handy in case the
fish fail to respond.
The
main problem is administering a reliable preparation to a female, known to be
fully
receptive.
Methods for judging receptivity range from external examination
(swelling and
appearance
of
the
urinogenital region) to
catheterizatien
for
sampling oocytes.
However, the logistics
of broodfish
sorting mean that females
are
sometimes injected at the wrong time, potential egg production is lost thr0ugh
overripening and postspawning mortality is unacceptably high.
More
careful
and
frequent checking of prespawning broodfish is needed.
Moreover, culturists should
take a broader view
of
controlled breeding and use the increasing information on
cyprinid
endocrinology
and
environmental
physiology.
LH—RH
implants
could
possibly
be
used to inuence
earlier
stages
of
gametogenesis.
Environmental
control of
spawning cycles
is a further
possibility.
Cryopreservati0n
of sperm,
gynogenesis
and
sex
reversal
are
also potentially
useful
tools
in
controlled
breeding.
Regarding LFI—RH
analogues, many authors from Lin (1982) to Rottman
and Shireman (1985) decribe their use in spawning Chinese carps, but preparattons
.
27
There is significant carp production in Iran and Turkey (Table 1). In N., Iran,
one
large farm produces 1600—1800t/yr (65%
silver
carp, 157€
grass
carp, 1072
common
carp plus bighead and other species) and there are large hatcheries e.g.,
10
million fry/yr from a single
complex.
The
Israeli
industry is also significant
but recent production is static at 6—7000t/yn
One
possibility is the development
of an export
industry for Israeli
processed
carp products.
In
Western
Europe,
there are culture industries wherever carp are acceptable (Table 1).
These range
from
very
small
(e.,ga
Switzerland,
about
2t/yr)
through
newly
developing
industries
UK,
about
50t/yr,
now
gearing
for experts
due
to
limited
domestic demand)
to larger
industries
e.g.
France,
for
which
estimates
are
variable (see
Table
1)°
The
case
of
Germany (FR G) illustrates
that
summary
statistics can have several components°
In
1975, total FRC common carp supply
was
8029t:
3602, cultured by about
4,000
farmers about
15,000 ha;
715, wild
caught; 3763, imported (less 51 exported)°
&)
The
Americas
Common and
Chinese
carps
have
been spread
thr0ugh Latin
and
North
America,
but there are no large culture
industries.
Research and development
efforts
are
underway
in
Panama
(waste—fed
polyculture
systems)
and
Peru
(sewage—ñsh culture) but the
tilapias, Macrobrachium and indigenous fishes will
likely be the main species
for Latin American
aquaculture.
Ab0ut 13t of carps
and
Asian
catfish were
cultured in Guam,
Hawaii and
California
in
1981—82
(Stern and Ure, 1984).
Grass carp production in Hawaii could expand if processed
products were deve10ped.
Ill—
RESEARCH
ADVANCES AND THE
FUTURE
A —— Controlled Breeding
For
Chinese
and Indian major carps, controlled
breeding has
come
to
mean
induced
spawning, a
narrow
definition,
but one
which reflects
present
needs.
lnduced spawning by hypophysation is
well—established.
Procedures vary
but
for
females usually a total dose of 3—12 Ing/kg pituitary homogenate is given, 1/3 as a
primary
dose at
1800
hrs
and
2/3
six
hours
later.
Homo— and
heteroplastic
preparations are effective.
When
other preparations such as HCG (especially for
silver
carp) and luteinizing hormone
releasing hormones (LH—RH) are
used, some
fish pituitary preparations are usually kept handy in case the
fish fail to respond.
The
main problem is administering a reliable preparation to a female, known to be
fully
receptive.
Methods for judging receptivity range from external examination
(swelling and
appearance
of
the
urinogenital region) to
catheterizatien
for
sampling oocytes.
However, the logistics
of broodfish
sorting mean that females
are
sometimes injected at the wrong time, potential egg production is lost thr0ugh
overripening and postspawning mortality is unacceptably high.
More
careful
and
frequent checking of prespawning broodfish is needed.
Moreover, culturists should
take a broader view
of
controlled breeding and use the increasing information on
cyprinid
endocrinology
and
environmental
physiology.
LH—RH
implants
could
possibly
be
used to inuence
earlier
stages
of
gametogenesis.
Environmental
control of
spawning cycles
is a further
possibility.
Cryopreservati0n
of sperm,
gynogenesis
and
sex
reversal
are
also potentially
useful
tools
in
controlled
breeding.
Regarding LFI—RH
analogues, many authors from Lin (1982) to Rottman
and Shireman (1985) decribe their use in spawning Chinese carps, but preparattons
.