406
Acknowledgements. We wish to thank our collegues at the "Climate Modelling and Global Change"
group at CERFACS. Many thanks to M. Balmaseda for providing us with the de trended FSU winds and
for useful discussions.
REFERENCES.
Allen, M.R., 1992. Interactions between the atmosphere and oceans on time-scales of weeks to years.
PhD thesis. University of Oxford, 202 Pl'.
Arakawa, A., 1972. Design of the UCLA gencral circulation model. Numerical simulation of weather and
climate, Dept. of Meteorology, University of California, repport 7, 116 Pl'.
Balmaseda, M.A., 1993. Simulacion y Prediceion de Fenomeno ENSO con un Modelo Acoplado OceanoAtmosfera. PhD. thesis. Univerdad de Alcala de Henares, 286 Pl'.
I3arnett, T.P., 1977. The principal time and space scales of the Pacific trade wind fields . .T. Atrnos. Sci.,
34, 221-236.
I3arnett, T.P., Latif, M., Graham, N., Fliigcl, M., Pazan, S. and White, W., 1993. ENSO and ENSOrelated predictability. Part I: prediction of equatorial Pacific sca surface temperature with a hybrid
coupled ocean-atmosphere model. .T. Climate, 6, 1545-1566.
Belamari, S., 1993. Variabilitc inter-annuelle simulcc dans l'Ocean Pacifique Tropical. CERFACS
STRjCMGC/93-30.
Blanke, B., 1992. Couche de Melange dans un Modele Tropical de Circulation Gencralc Oceanique. PhD
thesis. Universite Paris VI, Avril.
Blanke, B. and Pascale, D. Variability of the tropical Atlantic ocean simulated by a gcncral circulation
IIlodel with two diffcrent mixed layer physics. J. Phys. Oceano.Q., may.
Cane, M.A. and Zehiak, S.E., 1989. Tropical Pacific climate trcnds since 1960 . .T. Climate, 2, 731-736.
Cardone, V .. J., Greenwood, J.G. and Cane, M.A., 1990. On trends in historical marinc wind data. J.
Cl'imate, 3, 113-127.
Cox, M.D., 1984. A primitive equation, 3-dimensional model of thc ocean. GFLD Ocean Group Technical
Report No.1, GFDL/NOAA, Princeton, New Jersey.
Crowe., P.R., 1951a. The trade wind drculation of the world. Inst. B"d. Geo.Q1". Tmns. Pap., 15, 39-56.
Crowe., P.R., 1951b. The seasonal variation in the strength of the trades. Inst. Brit. Geogr. Tmns.
Pap., 16, 25-47.
Dandin, P., 1993. Variabilitc Basse Frequcnce Simulce dans l'Ocean Padfique Tropical. PhD thesis.
Universite Paris VI, June.
Delecluse, P.; Gurvan, M.: Imbard, M. and Levy, c., 1993. OPA version 7 Ocean Glohal Circulation
Model reference manual. LODYC, rapport interne 93/05.
Esbensell, S.K. and Kushllir, Y., 1981. The heat lmdget of the glohal ocean: an atlas based on estimates
from marine surface observations. Rep. Climatic Res. Inst., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 29, 27
Pl'·
Goldenberg, S.B. and O'Brien .LJ., 1980. Time and space variability of tropical Pacific wind stress. Mon.
Wea .. Rev., 109, 1190-1207.
Graham, N., Barnet, T.P. and Latif, M., 1992. Considerations of the predictability of ENSO with a
low-order coupled model. TOGA note8,7, 11-15.
Hanscn, D.V. and Paul, C.A., 1987. Vertical motioll ill the eastern equatorial Pacific inferred from drifting
buoys. Oceanol. Acta, 6, 27-32.
Harrison, D.E .. 1989. On climatological monthly mean wiud strcsH and wind stress curl fields over the
world ocean . .T. Clim.atr, 2, 57-70.
Hellerman, S., 1967. An lip dated estimate of the wiIHI stress 011 the world ocean. Mon. Wrea. Rev., 95,
607-626.
Hellerman, S. and Rosenstein, M., 1983. Normal monthly wiwl stress over the world ocean with errors
estimates. J. Phys. Ocmnog1"., 17, 1093-1104.
Hsiung, .J., 1986. Mean surface energy fill"XeS over the global ocean . .T. Gmphys. Res., 91(C1), 1058510606.
Latif, M., 1987. Tropical ocean circulation experimcntH . .T. Phys. Ocm:l/.o.Q'·., bf 17, 246-263.
Latif, M. and Fliigel, M., 1991. An investigation of short-range climate predictahility in the Tropical
Pacific . .T. Geophys. Rrs., 96, 2661-2673.
Acknowledgements. We wish to thank our collegues at the "Climate Modelling and Global Change"
group at CERFACS. Many thanks to M. Balmaseda for providing us with the de trended FSU winds and
for useful discussions.
REFERENCES.
Allen, M.R., 1992. Interactions between the atmosphere and oceans on time-scales of weeks to years.
PhD thesis. University of Oxford, 202 Pl'.
Arakawa, A., 1972. Design of the UCLA gencral circulation model. Numerical simulation of weather and
climate, Dept. of Meteorology, University of California, repport 7, 116 Pl'.
Balmaseda, M.A., 1993. Simulacion y Prediceion de Fenomeno ENSO con un Modelo Acoplado OceanoAtmosfera. PhD. thesis. Univerdad de Alcala de Henares, 286 Pl'.
I3arnett, T.P., 1977. The principal time and space scales of the Pacific trade wind fields . .T. Atrnos. Sci.,
34, 221-236.
I3arnett, T.P., Latif, M., Graham, N., Fliigcl, M., Pazan, S. and White, W., 1993. ENSO and ENSOrelated predictability. Part I: prediction of equatorial Pacific sca surface temperature with a hybrid
coupled ocean-atmosphere model. .T. Climate, 6, 1545-1566.
Belamari, S., 1993. Variabilitc inter-annuelle simulcc dans l'Ocean Pacifique Tropical. CERFACS
STRjCMGC/93-30.
Blanke, B., 1992. Couche de Melange dans un Modele Tropical de Circulation Gencralc Oceanique. PhD
thesis. Universite Paris VI, Avril.
Blanke, B. and Pascale, D. Variability of the tropical Atlantic ocean simulated by a gcncral circulation
IIlodel with two diffcrent mixed layer physics. J. Phys. Oceano.Q., may.
Cane, M.A. and Zehiak, S.E., 1989. Tropical Pacific climate trcnds since 1960 . .T. Climate, 2, 731-736.
Cardone, V .. J., Greenwood, J.G. and Cane, M.A., 1990. On trends in historical marinc wind data. J.
Cl'imate, 3, 113-127.
Cox, M.D., 1984. A primitive equation, 3-dimensional model of thc ocean. GFLD Ocean Group Technical
Report No.1, GFDL/NOAA, Princeton, New Jersey.
Crowe., P.R., 1951a. The trade wind drculation of the world. Inst. B"d. Geo.Q1". Tmns. Pap., 15, 39-56.
Crowe., P.R., 1951b. The seasonal variation in the strength of the trades. Inst. Brit. Geogr. Tmns.
Pap., 16, 25-47.
Dandin, P., 1993. Variabilitc Basse Frequcnce Simulce dans l'Ocean Padfique Tropical. PhD thesis.
Universite Paris VI, June.
Delecluse, P.; Gurvan, M.: Imbard, M. and Levy, c., 1993. OPA version 7 Ocean Glohal Circulation
Model reference manual. LODYC, rapport interne 93/05.
Esbensell, S.K. and Kushllir, Y., 1981. The heat lmdget of the glohal ocean: an atlas based on estimates
from marine surface observations. Rep. Climatic Res. Inst., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, 29, 27
Pl'·
Goldenberg, S.B. and O'Brien .LJ., 1980. Time and space variability of tropical Pacific wind stress. Mon.
Wea .. Rev., 109, 1190-1207.
Graham, N., Barnet, T.P. and Latif, M., 1992. Considerations of the predictability of ENSO with a
low-order coupled model. TOGA note8,7, 11-15.
Hanscn, D.V. and Paul, C.A., 1987. Vertical motioll ill the eastern equatorial Pacific inferred from drifting
buoys. Oceanol. Acta, 6, 27-32.
Harrison, D.E .. 1989. On climatological monthly mean wiud strcsH and wind stress curl fields over the
world ocean . .T. Clim.atr, 2, 57-70.
Hellerman, S., 1967. An lip dated estimate of the wiIHI stress 011 the world ocean. Mon. Wrea. Rev., 95,
607-626.
Hellerman, S. and Rosenstein, M., 1983. Normal monthly wiwl stress over the world ocean with errors
estimates. J. Phys. Ocmnog1"., 17, 1093-1104.
Hsiung, .J., 1986. Mean surface energy fill"XeS over the global ocean . .T. Gmphys. Res., 91(C1), 1058510606.
Latif, M., 1987. Tropical ocean circulation experimcntH . .T. Phys. Ocm:l/.o.Q'·., bf 17, 246-263.
Latif, M. and Fliigel, M., 1991. An investigation of short-range climate predictahility in the Tropical
Pacific . .T. Geophys. Rrs., 96, 2661-2673.