308
thus further enlargement. The process is limited by the fact that the ice tends to close
up the channel due to the excess overburden pressure over the channel water pressure,
and this is accentuated when the channel is larger. In effect, the opening of the valve by
the excess lake pressure is closed by the excess ice pressure. These floods occur more or
less periodically, every five to ten years in the case of the best known, that of Grimsvotn
under Vatnajokull in South-east Iceland.
1.6 Notes
The best source for general information about. glaciers and ice sheet.s is the book by
Paterson (1994).
An early discussion of surface waves is by Finsterwalder (1907). The modern theory
is largely due to Nye (1960), who analyses linear waves; a nonlinear analysis is given by
Fowler and Larson (1980b). Seasonal waves are discussed by Deeley and Parr (1914) and
more recently by Hodge (1974). Wave ogives are lucidly discussed by Waddington (1986).
The surge on Variegat.ed Glacier is discussed by Kamb et al. (1985), and t.heoret.ical
descriptions are given by Kamb (1987) and Fowler (1987a). Observations of Trapridge
Glacier are described by Clarke et al. (1984). The issue of the Journal of Geophysical
Research in which Fowler's (1987a) art.icle appears is a collection of articles on fast glacier
flow, including both ice streams, surging glaciers, and tidewater glaciers. For a discussion
of the dynamics of ice stream B in Antarctica, see Engelhardt et al. (1990). The basic
theory of jokulhlaups is due t.o Nye (1976).
thus further enlargement. The process is limited by the fact that the ice tends to close
up the channel due to the excess overburden pressure over the channel water pressure,
and this is accentuated when the channel is larger. In effect, the opening of the valve by
the excess lake pressure is closed by the excess ice pressure. These floods occur more or
less periodically, every five to ten years in the case of the best known, that of Grimsvotn
under Vatnajokull in South-east Iceland.
1.6 Notes
The best source for general information about. glaciers and ice sheet.s is the book by
Paterson (1994).
An early discussion of surface waves is by Finsterwalder (1907). The modern theory
is largely due to Nye (1960), who analyses linear waves; a nonlinear analysis is given by
Fowler and Larson (1980b). Seasonal waves are discussed by Deeley and Parr (1914) and
more recently by Hodge (1974). Wave ogives are lucidly discussed by Waddington (1986).
The surge on Variegat.ed Glacier is discussed by Kamb et al. (1985), and t.heoret.ical
descriptions are given by Kamb (1987) and Fowler (1987a). Observations of Trapridge
Glacier are described by Clarke et al. (1984). The issue of the Journal of Geophysical
Research in which Fowler's (1987a) art.icle appears is a collection of articles on fast glacier
flow, including both ice streams, surging glaciers, and tidewater glaciers. For a discussion
of the dynamics of ice stream B in Antarctica, see Engelhardt et al. (1990). The basic
theory of jokulhlaups is due t.o Nye (1976).