protease, agarase, cellulase, and esterase. As previously noted, numerous
bioactive substances have been found in marine microorganisms, including those
with antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and enzyme-inhibitors. While difficulties with mass-producing source
materials create problems in the use of marine plants and animals, marine
microorganisms are beneficial from a usage standpoint in that they can be
cultured.
References
Ando, S., Ishida, H., Kosugi, Y., & Ishikawa, K. (2002). Hyperthermostable Endoglucanase from
Pyrococcus horikoshii. Applied and environmental microbiology, 68(1), 430–433
Arrigo, K. R. (2004). Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles. Nature, 437(7057), 349.
Baharum, S., Beng, E., & Mokhtar, M. (2010). Marine microorganisms: Potential application and
challenges. Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(6), 555–564.
Böttcher, H., Soltmann, U., Mertig, M., & Pompe, W. (2004). Biocers: Ceramics with incorporated
microorganisms for biocatalytic, biosorptive and functional materials development. Journal of
Materials Chemistry, 14(14), 2176–2188.
Chu, X., He, H., Guo, C., & Sun, B. (2008). Identification of two novel esterases from a marine
metagenomic library derived from South China Sea. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,
80(4), 615–625.
D’Amico, S., Gerday, C., & Feller, G. (2003). Temperature adaptation of proteins: engineering
mesophilic-like activity and stability in a cold-adapted a-amylase. Journal of molecular
biology, 332(5), 981–988
D’Amico, S., Collins, T., Marx, J. C., Feller, G., & Gerday, C. (2006). Psychrophilic
microorganisms: challenges for life. EMBO Reports, 7(4), 385–389.
Fu, X. T., & Kim, S. M. (2010). Agarase: review of major sources, categories, purification method,
enzyme characteristics and applications. Marine Drugs, 8(1), 200–218
Fu, C., Hu, Y., Xie, F., Guo, H., Ashforth, E. J., Polyak, S. W., Zhu, B., & Zhang, L. (2011).
Molecular cloning and characterization of a new cold-active esterase from a deep-sea
metagenomic library. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 90(3), 961–970
Gao, W., Wu, K., Chen, L., Fan, H., Zhao, Z., Gao, B., et al. (2016). A novel esterase from a
marine mud metagenomic library for biocatalytic synthesis of short-chain flavor esters.
Microbial Cell Factories, 15(1), 41.
Giovannoni, S. J., Britschgi, T. B., Moyer, C. L., & Field, K. G. (1990). Genetic diversity in
Sargasso Sea bacterioplankton. Nature, 345(6270), 60–63
Gounot, A.-M. (1986). Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms. Experientia, 42(11–12),
1192–1197.
Haard, N. F. (1992). A review of proteotlytic enzymes from marine organisms and their
application in the food industry. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 1(1), 17–35.
Haddar, A., Agrebi, R., Bougatef, A., Hmidet, N., Sellami-Kamoun, A., & Nasri, M. (2009). Two
detergent stable alkaline serine-proteases from Bacillus mojavensis A21: Purification,
characterization and potential application as a laundry detergent additive. Bioresource
Technology, 100(13), 3366–3373.
Hattori, M., Ogino, A., Nakai, H., & Takahashi, K. (1997). Functional improvement of
b-lactoglobulin by conjugating with alginate lyase-lysate. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry, 45(3), 703–708.
Heux, S., Meynial-Salles, I., O’Donohue, M., & Dumon, C. (2015). White biotechnology: State of
the art strategies for the development of biocatalysts for biorefining. Biotechnology Advances,
33(8), 1653–1670.
11.6 Chapter Summary and Conclusion
413
bioactive substances have been found in marine microorganisms, including those
with antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and enzyme-inhibitors. While difficulties with mass-producing source
materials create problems in the use of marine plants and animals, marine
microorganisms are beneficial from a usage standpoint in that they can be
cultured.
References
Ando, S., Ishida, H., Kosugi, Y., & Ishikawa, K. (2002). Hyperthermostable Endoglucanase from
Pyrococcus horikoshii. Applied and environmental microbiology, 68(1), 430–433
Arrigo, K. R. (2004). Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles. Nature, 437(7057), 349.
Baharum, S., Beng, E., & Mokhtar, M. (2010). Marine microorganisms: Potential application and
challenges. Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(6), 555–564.
Böttcher, H., Soltmann, U., Mertig, M., & Pompe, W. (2004). Biocers: Ceramics with incorporated
microorganisms for biocatalytic, biosorptive and functional materials development. Journal of
Materials Chemistry, 14(14), 2176–2188.
Chu, X., He, H., Guo, C., & Sun, B. (2008). Identification of two novel esterases from a marine
metagenomic library derived from South China Sea. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,
80(4), 615–625.
D’Amico, S., Gerday, C., & Feller, G. (2003). Temperature adaptation of proteins: engineering
mesophilic-like activity and stability in a cold-adapted a-amylase. Journal of molecular
biology, 332(5), 981–988
D’Amico, S., Collins, T., Marx, J. C., Feller, G., & Gerday, C. (2006). Psychrophilic
microorganisms: challenges for life. EMBO Reports, 7(4), 385–389.
Fu, X. T., & Kim, S. M. (2010). Agarase: review of major sources, categories, purification method,
enzyme characteristics and applications. Marine Drugs, 8(1), 200–218
Fu, C., Hu, Y., Xie, F., Guo, H., Ashforth, E. J., Polyak, S. W., Zhu, B., & Zhang, L. (2011).
Molecular cloning and characterization of a new cold-active esterase from a deep-sea
metagenomic library. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 90(3), 961–970
Gao, W., Wu, K., Chen, L., Fan, H., Zhao, Z., Gao, B., et al. (2016). A novel esterase from a
marine mud metagenomic library for biocatalytic synthesis of short-chain flavor esters.
Microbial Cell Factories, 15(1), 41.
Giovannoni, S. J., Britschgi, T. B., Moyer, C. L., & Field, K. G. (1990). Genetic diversity in
Sargasso Sea bacterioplankton. Nature, 345(6270), 60–63
Gounot, A.-M. (1986). Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms. Experientia, 42(11–12),
1192–1197.
Haard, N. F. (1992). A review of proteotlytic enzymes from marine organisms and their
application in the food industry. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, 1(1), 17–35.
Haddar, A., Agrebi, R., Bougatef, A., Hmidet, N., Sellami-Kamoun, A., & Nasri, M. (2009). Two
detergent stable alkaline serine-proteases from Bacillus mojavensis A21: Purification,
characterization and potential application as a laundry detergent additive. Bioresource
Technology, 100(13), 3366–3373.
Hattori, M., Ogino, A., Nakai, H., & Takahashi, K. (1997). Functional improvement of
b-lactoglobulin by conjugating with alginate lyase-lysate. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry, 45(3), 703–708.
Heux, S., Meynial-Salles, I., O’Donohue, M., & Dumon, C. (2015). White biotechnology: State of
the art strategies for the development of biocatalysts for biorefining. Biotechnology Advances,
33(8), 1653–1670.
11.6 Chapter Summary and Conclusion
413