These functions include reducing pain from burns and inhibiting blistering and
inflammation of the skin. Immune system strengthening and inflammation
prevention effects have also been observed (Haard 1992; Haddar et al. 2009;
Rao et al. 2009).
2. Agricultural applications: While it does not involve marine bacteria, mushroom farming is an example of proteases being applied in agriculture.
Artificial mushrooms such as Pleurotus ostreatus are known to produce acidic
protease during farming. Excess production of this enzyme can result in
autodigestion, preventing the mushroom from going further. By adding the
protease inhibitor S-PI (isolated from land-based actinomycetes) that serves to
inhibit the enzyme to the soil in which they are farmed, artificial mushrooms
with profuse fruit bodies can be produced, as shown in Fig. 11.9.
3. Applications for the removal of false enzymes during isolation and purification:
Isolation and refinement of protease from organism extract or microorganism
culture medium can sometimes be confounded by autodigestion of enzyme
proteins. One method that can be used in such cases is affinity chromatography,
with the enzyme’s inhibitor as a ligand.
The crude enzyme solution used at industrial scales sometimes contains proteases other than the target enzyme. These proteases can act upon the target enzyme
and cause unforeseen damage. By adding inhibitors, it is possible to stop the
protease from acting and achieve the target.
Table 11.12 Comparison of amino acid sequences near inhibition reaction sites for various
protease inhibitors
Origin
Protease inhibitor
Amino acid sequence near reaction site
p4 p3 p2 p1 p1′ p2′ p3 p4′
Microorganisms
Marinostatin
-Phe-Ala-Thr-Met
a -Arg-Tyr-Pro-SerPlasminostreptin
-Ala-Cys-Thr-Lys
a -Gln-Phe-Asp-ProS-SI
-Met-Cys-Pro-Met
a -Val-Tyr-Asp-ProPlants
Soybean
-Ala-Cys-Thr-Lys
a -Ser-Asn-Pro-ProLima bean
-Leu-Ser-Thr-Lys
a -Ser-Ile-Pro-ProFava bean
-Met-Cys-Thr-Arg
a -Ser-Met-Pro-Gly
Animals
Leech
-Val-Cys-Thr-Lys
a -Glu-Leu-His-ArgEgg white
-Leu-Cys-Thr-Lys
a -Asp-Phe-Ser-PhePig semen
-Phe-Cys-Thr-Arg
a -Gln-Met-Asn-ProCow pancreatic juice
-Gly-Cys-Pro-Arg
a -Ile-Thr-Asn-ProPig pancreatic juice
-Gly-Cys-Pro-Lys
a -Ile-Thr-Asn-ProSheep pancreatic juice
-Gly-Cys-Pro-Arg
a -Ile-Thr-Asn-ProHuman pancreatic juice
-Gly-Cys-Thr-Lys
a -Ile-Thr-Asn-Proa Inhibition reaction site
11.5 Enzyme Inhibitors Produced by Marine Microorganisms
407
inflammation of the skin. Immune system strengthening and inflammation
prevention effects have also been observed (Haard 1992; Haddar et al. 2009;
Rao et al. 2009).
2. Agricultural applications: While it does not involve marine bacteria, mushroom farming is an example of proteases being applied in agriculture.
Artificial mushrooms such as Pleurotus ostreatus are known to produce acidic
protease during farming. Excess production of this enzyme can result in
autodigestion, preventing the mushroom from going further. By adding the
protease inhibitor S-PI (isolated from land-based actinomycetes) that serves to
inhibit the enzyme to the soil in which they are farmed, artificial mushrooms
with profuse fruit bodies can be produced, as shown in Fig. 11.9.
3. Applications for the removal of false enzymes during isolation and purification:
Isolation and refinement of protease from organism extract or microorganism
culture medium can sometimes be confounded by autodigestion of enzyme
proteins. One method that can be used in such cases is affinity chromatography,
with the enzyme’s inhibitor as a ligand.
The crude enzyme solution used at industrial scales sometimes contains proteases other than the target enzyme. These proteases can act upon the target enzyme
and cause unforeseen damage. By adding inhibitors, it is possible to stop the
protease from acting and achieve the target.
Table 11.12 Comparison of amino acid sequences near inhibition reaction sites for various
protease inhibitors
Origin
Protease inhibitor
Amino acid sequence near reaction site
p4 p3 p2 p1 p1′ p2′ p3 p4′
Microorganisms
Marinostatin
-Phe-Ala-Thr-Met
a -Arg-Tyr-Pro-SerPlasminostreptin
-Ala-Cys-Thr-Lys
a -Gln-Phe-Asp-ProS-SI
-Met-Cys-Pro-Met
a -Val-Tyr-Asp-ProPlants
Soybean
-Ala-Cys-Thr-Lys
a -Ser-Asn-Pro-ProLima bean
-Leu-Ser-Thr-Lys
a -Ser-Ile-Pro-ProFava bean
-Met-Cys-Thr-Arg
a -Ser-Met-Pro-Gly
Animals
Leech
-Val-Cys-Thr-Lys
a -Glu-Leu-His-ArgEgg white
-Leu-Cys-Thr-Lys
a -Asp-Phe-Ser-PhePig semen
-Phe-Cys-Thr-Arg
a -Gln-Met-Asn-ProCow pancreatic juice
-Gly-Cys-Pro-Arg
a -Ile-Thr-Asn-ProPig pancreatic juice
-Gly-Cys-Pro-Lys
a -Ile-Thr-Asn-ProSheep pancreatic juice
-Gly-Cys-Pro-Arg
a -Ile-Thr-Asn-ProHuman pancreatic juice
-Gly-Cys-Thr-Lys
a -Ile-Thr-Asn-Proa Inhibition reaction site
11.5 Enzyme Inhibitors Produced by Marine Microorganisms
407