The Great Barrier Reef
84
location and regional factors. Anthropogenic impacts
seriously modify rates and agents of bioerosion, and
commonly these are cumulative. For example, a reef can
recover from a single bleaching event but if such events
become more regular, and if this is combined with a
crown-of-thorns starfish plague, the reef has little
chance to recover before it is hit by another bleaching
event. In the meantime, rates of bioerosion are increasing and are causing physical loss of reef structure.
When combined with yet other aspects such as the
overfishing of key functional groups, then once healthy
coral reefs can become rapidly algal dominated reefs.
ADDITIONAL READING
Bellwood, D. R., and Choat, J. H. (1990). A functional
analysis of grazing in parrotfishes (family Scaridae)
on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Environmental
Biology of Fishes 28, 189–214.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J.,
Steneck, R. S., Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell D.
R, Sale, P. F., Edwards, A. J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C. M., Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthiga,
N., Bradbury, R. H., Dubi, A., and Hatziolos, M. E.
(2007). Coral reefs under rapid climate change and
ocean acidification. Science 318, 1737–1742.
Hutchings, P. A. (1986). Biological destruction of coral
reefs—A review. Coral Reefs 4(4), 239–252.
Hutchings, P. A., Peyrot-Clausade, M., and Osnorno, A.
(2005). Influence of land runoff on rates and agents
of bioerosion of coral substrates. Marine Pollution
Bulletin 51, 438–447.
Kleypas, J. A., and Langdon, C. (2006). Coral reefs
and changing seawater chemistry. In ‘Coral Reefs
and Climate Change’. (Eds. J. Phinney, O. HoeghGuldberg, J. Kleypas, and W. Skirving.) pp. 73–110.
Coastal and Estuarine Studies 61(73), 73–110.
Kleypas, J. A., McManus, J., and Menez, L. (1999).
Using environmental data to define reef habitat:
Where do we draw the line? American Zoologist 39,
146–159.
Peyrot-Clausade, M., Chabanet, P., Conand, C.,
Fontaine, M. F., Letourneur Y., and HarmelinVivien, M. (2000). Sea urchin and fish bioerosion
on La Reunion and Moorea Reefs. Bulletin Marine
Sciences 66, 477–485.
Raven, J., Caldeira, K., Elderfield, H., HoeghGuldberg, O., Liss, P., Riebesell, U., Shepherd, J.,
Turley, C., and Watson, A. (2005). Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Special Report, Royal Society, London.
84
location and regional factors. Anthropogenic impacts
seriously modify rates and agents of bioerosion, and
commonly these are cumulative. For example, a reef can
recover from a single bleaching event but if such events
become more regular, and if this is combined with a
crown-of-thorns starfish plague, the reef has little
chance to recover before it is hit by another bleaching
event. In the meantime, rates of bioerosion are increasing and are causing physical loss of reef structure.
When combined with yet other aspects such as the
overfishing of key functional groups, then once healthy
coral reefs can become rapidly algal dominated reefs.
ADDITIONAL READING
Bellwood, D. R., and Choat, J. H. (1990). A functional
analysis of grazing in parrotfishes (family Scaridae)
on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Environmental
Biology of Fishes 28, 189–214.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J.,
Steneck, R. S., Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell D.
R, Sale, P. F., Edwards, A. J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C. M., Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthiga,
N., Bradbury, R. H., Dubi, A., and Hatziolos, M. E.
(2007). Coral reefs under rapid climate change and
ocean acidification. Science 318, 1737–1742.
Hutchings, P. A. (1986). Biological destruction of coral
reefs—A review. Coral Reefs 4(4), 239–252.
Hutchings, P. A., Peyrot-Clausade, M., and Osnorno, A.
(2005). Influence of land runoff on rates and agents
of bioerosion of coral substrates. Marine Pollution
Bulletin 51, 438–447.
Kleypas, J. A., and Langdon, C. (2006). Coral reefs
and changing seawater chemistry. In ‘Coral Reefs
and Climate Change’. (Eds. J. Phinney, O. HoeghGuldberg, J. Kleypas, and W. Skirving.) pp. 73–110.
Coastal and Estuarine Studies 61(73), 73–110.
Kleypas, J. A., McManus, J., and Menez, L. (1999).
Using environmental data to define reef habitat:
Where do we draw the line? American Zoologist 39,
146–159.
Peyrot-Clausade, M., Chabanet, P., Conand, C.,
Fontaine, M. F., Letourneur Y., and HarmelinVivien, M. (2000). Sea urchin and fish bioerosion
on La Reunion and Moorea Reefs. Bulletin Marine
Sciences 66, 477–485.
Raven, J., Caldeira, K., Elderfield, H., HoeghGuldberg, O., Liss, P., Riebesell, U., Shepherd, J.,
Turley, C., and Watson, A. (2005). Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Special Report, Royal Society, London.