16 – Mangroves and Seagrasses
165
19. Leaf tip imarginate, bark rough, pneumatophores wiry .................Lumnitzera (3 taxa)
– Leaf tip not imarginate, bark finely fissured, pneumatophores absent ..................20
20. Flower with more than eight stamens, flowers on long raceme (>20 cm), fruit pod
4-cornered (leaf >20 cm) ................................................................... Barringtonia racemosa
– Flower with less than eight stamens, flowers not on raceme, fruit pods not
4-cornered (leaf <10 cm) ................................................................................................21
21. Flower bud on simple umbel, fruit horn-like ........... Aegiceras corniculatum (Fig. 16.6)
– Flower bud on obscure peduncle, fruits ovoid .................................. Diospyros littorea
Avicennia marina varieties (2)
1. Bark smooth, greenish, leaves lanceolate, calyces incompletely pubescent .................
.....................................................................................................................var. eucalyptifolia
– Bark rough, grey, leaves ovate-elliptic, calyces entirely pubescent .............................
.................................................................................................................... var. australasica
Genus Xylocarpus (2)
1. Buttresses small, pneumatophores conical, bark grey, vertical fissured, flaky rough,
mature fruit 8–12 cm diameter (deciduous in early spring) ............................................
...........................................................................................................Xylocarpus moluccensis
– Buttresses plank-like (sinuous), pneumatophores absent, bark pale orangy, flaky
patches, smooth, mature fruit 10–25 cm diameter ..................... Xylocarpus granatum
Genus Acanthus (2)
1. Inflorescence open, flower white or deep purple, bract single, bracteoles absent,
stem without axillary spines ............................................................. Acanthus ebracteatus
– Inflorescence clustered, flower mauve streaked with white, bract single, bracteoles
two, stem with axillary spines .......................................................... Acanthus ilicifolius
Genus Bruguiera (6)
1. Flowers multiple (2–5), small; petal spine exceeds lobes ...............................................2
– Flowers solitary, large; petal spine shorter than lobes or absent ...............................3
2. Fruit calyx ribbed, lobes adpressed (1/4–1/5 length of calyx) .......................................
.................................................................................................................Bruguiera parviflora
– Fruit calyx smooth, lobes reflexed (1/2 length of calyx) ............. Bruguiera cylindrica
3. Petal spine absent or minute ...............................................................Bruguiera exaristata
– Petal spine shorter than lobes .........................................................................................4
4. Petal bristles absent or minute .............................................................. Bruguiera sexangula
– Petal bristles 1–3 ................................................................................................................5
165
19. Leaf tip imarginate, bark rough, pneumatophores wiry .................Lumnitzera (3 taxa)
– Leaf tip not imarginate, bark finely fissured, pneumatophores absent ..................20
20. Flower with more than eight stamens, flowers on long raceme (>20 cm), fruit pod
4-cornered (leaf >20 cm) ................................................................... Barringtonia racemosa
– Flower with less than eight stamens, flowers not on raceme, fruit pods not
4-cornered (leaf <10 cm) ................................................................................................21
21. Flower bud on simple umbel, fruit horn-like ........... Aegiceras corniculatum (Fig. 16.6)
– Flower bud on obscure peduncle, fruits ovoid .................................. Diospyros littorea
Avicennia marina varieties (2)
1. Bark smooth, greenish, leaves lanceolate, calyces incompletely pubescent .................
.....................................................................................................................var. eucalyptifolia
– Bark rough, grey, leaves ovate-elliptic, calyces entirely pubescent .............................
.................................................................................................................... var. australasica
Genus Xylocarpus (2)
1. Buttresses small, pneumatophores conical, bark grey, vertical fissured, flaky rough,
mature fruit 8–12 cm diameter (deciduous in early spring) ............................................
...........................................................................................................Xylocarpus moluccensis
– Buttresses plank-like (sinuous), pneumatophores absent, bark pale orangy, flaky
patches, smooth, mature fruit 10–25 cm diameter ..................... Xylocarpus granatum
Genus Acanthus (2)
1. Inflorescence open, flower white or deep purple, bract single, bracteoles absent,
stem without axillary spines ............................................................. Acanthus ebracteatus
– Inflorescence clustered, flower mauve streaked with white, bract single, bracteoles
two, stem with axillary spines .......................................................... Acanthus ilicifolius
Genus Bruguiera (6)
1. Flowers multiple (2–5), small; petal spine exceeds lobes ...............................................2
– Flowers solitary, large; petal spine shorter than lobes or absent ...............................3
2. Fruit calyx ribbed, lobes adpressed (1/4–1/5 length of calyx) .......................................
.................................................................................................................Bruguiera parviflora
– Fruit calyx smooth, lobes reflexed (1/2 length of calyx) ............. Bruguiera cylindrica
3. Petal spine absent or minute ...............................................................Bruguiera exaristata
– Petal spine shorter than lobes .........................................................................................4
4. Petal bristles absent or minute .............................................................. Bruguiera sexangula
– Petal bristles 1–3 ................................................................................................................5