The Great Barrier Reef
94
Nyström, M., Folke, C., and Moberg, F. (2000). Coral reef
disturbance and resilience in a human- dominated
environment. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15,
413–417.
Pandolfi, J. M., Bradbury, R. H., Sala, E., Hughes, T. P.,
Bjorndal, K. A., Cooke, R. G., McArdle, D., McClenachan, L., Newman, M. J. H., Paredes, G., Warner,
R. R. and Jackson, J. B. C. (2003). Global trajectories
of the long term decline of coral reef ecosystems.
Science 301, 955–958.
Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., Foley, J. A., Folke, C., and
Walker, B. (2001). Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems.
Nature 413, 591–596.
Wilkinson, C. R. (2004). (Ed.) Status of the coral reefs of
the world: 2004. Global coral reef monitoring network and Australian Institute of Marine Science,
Townsville.
and research priorities. Frontiers in Ecology and the
Environment 2, 375–382.
Hughes, T. P. (1994). Catastrophes, phase shifts, and
large scale degradation of a Caribbean reef. Science
265, 1547–1551.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M.,
Connolly, S. R., Folke, C., Grosberg, R., HoeghGuldberg, O., Jackson, J. B. C., Kleypas, J., Lough,
J. M., Marshall, P., Nyström, M., Palumbi, S. R.,
Pandolfi, J. M., Rosen, B., and Roughgarden, J.
(2003). Climate change, human impacts, and the
resilience of coral reefs. Science 301, 929–933.
Jackson, J. B. C., Kirbym M. X., Berger, W. H., Bjorndal,
K. A., Botsford, L. W., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury,
R. H., Cooke, R., Erlandson, J., Estes, J. A., Hughes,
T. P., Kidwell, S., Lange, C. B., Lenihan, H. S.,
Pandolfi, J. M., Peterson, C. H., Steneck, R. S., Tegner,
M. J., and Warner, R. R. (2001). Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems.
Science 293, 629–638.
Figure 9.9 Galaxea surrounded by algae. Macroalgal blooms can prevent recruitment by corals and smother adult colonies.
(Photo: L. Anderson.)
94
Nyström, M., Folke, C., and Moberg, F. (2000). Coral reef
disturbance and resilience in a human- dominated
environment. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15,
413–417.
Pandolfi, J. M., Bradbury, R. H., Sala, E., Hughes, T. P.,
Bjorndal, K. A., Cooke, R. G., McArdle, D., McClenachan, L., Newman, M. J. H., Paredes, G., Warner,
R. R. and Jackson, J. B. C. (2003). Global trajectories
of the long term decline of coral reef ecosystems.
Science 301, 955–958.
Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., Foley, J. A., Folke, C., and
Walker, B. (2001). Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems.
Nature 413, 591–596.
Wilkinson, C. R. (2004). (Ed.) Status of the coral reefs of
the world: 2004. Global coral reef monitoring network and Australian Institute of Marine Science,
Townsville.
and research priorities. Frontiers in Ecology and the
Environment 2, 375–382.
Hughes, T. P. (1994). Catastrophes, phase shifts, and
large scale degradation of a Caribbean reef. Science
265, 1547–1551.
Hughes, T. P., Baird, A. H., Bellwood, D. R., Card, M.,
Connolly, S. R., Folke, C., Grosberg, R., HoeghGuldberg, O., Jackson, J. B. C., Kleypas, J., Lough,
J. M., Marshall, P., Nyström, M., Palumbi, S. R.,
Pandolfi, J. M., Rosen, B., and Roughgarden, J.
(2003). Climate change, human impacts, and the
resilience of coral reefs. Science 301, 929–933.
Jackson, J. B. C., Kirbym M. X., Berger, W. H., Bjorndal,
K. A., Botsford, L. W., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury,
R. H., Cooke, R., Erlandson, J., Estes, J. A., Hughes,
T. P., Kidwell, S., Lange, C. B., Lenihan, H. S.,
Pandolfi, J. M., Peterson, C. H., Steneck, R. S., Tegner,
M. J., and Warner, R. R. (2001). Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems.
Science 293, 629–638.
Figure 9.9 Galaxea surrounded by algae. Macroalgal blooms can prevent recruitment by corals and smother adult colonies.
(Photo: L. Anderson.)