242 Organic compounds in soils, sediments & sludges
column containing microparticulate silica. The detectors incorporated into the system
are a combined, variable wavelength ultraviolet and fluorescence photometer and a
transport ionisation detector.
There remains some doubt concerning the optimum number of solvents to be
employed in the multiple solvent, gradient elution programme. Scott and Kucera et al
[217] recommend a twelve solvent series while Snyder et al [218] proposed a six solvent
series to cover the entire polarity range adequately.
10.9.4 Ion-exchange chromatography
Among the limited applications of ion-exchange chromatography to the separation of
organics in water are the separation of organics in sewage effluents [219–221] and the
determination of chlorinated biphenyls [92]. Pill et al [221] using high resolution ionexchange chromatography identified and quantified 56 and 13 organics, respectively,
in primary and secondary sewage effluents. Many more unidentified compounds were
present.
10.9.5 Gel filtration chromatography
Gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G100 as column packing, and ultraviolet detectors, have been used in studies carried out on the elution of humic acid [222]
and in characterisation studies on secondary sewage effluents [223] and in organic
substances in river waters [224].
10.9.6 Preconcentration
A limited amount of work has been carried out on freeze concentration methods for
organics in sludge [226]. The method has been applied to the preconcentration of
amino acids, carbohydrates, citric acid and phenylalanine [225] giving virtually complete recovery of these substances at concentrations up to 0.2 mg l
−1 . The technique has
been used in conjunction with Sephadex gel chromatography to characterise organic
components in the molecular weight range 200-5000 in secondary sewage effluents.
The filtered samples were concentrated using a freeze drying unit with methyl alcohol
as the bath fluid. The organic carbon recovery in the freeze dried samples was between
92 and 96%.
REFERENCES
[1] Copin, A., Delen, R., Monteau, A. & Rocher, M. (1982) Science of the Total
Environment, 22, 179.
[2] Bohne-Mabusall, R., Otto, K. & Wilderer, P.Z. (1987) Wasset Abwasset Forsh, 20, 35.
[3] Ryzhova, L.G., Glizhov, Y.G. & Borodina, O.I. (1986) Soviet Journal of Water Chemistry
and Technology, 8, 106.
[4] Boner-Mabusall, R., Otto, K. & Wilderer, P. (1987) Wasset Abwasser Forchung, 20, 35.
[5] Millson, M.F. (1970) Journal of Chromatography, 50, 155.
column containing microparticulate silica. The detectors incorporated into the system
are a combined, variable wavelength ultraviolet and fluorescence photometer and a
transport ionisation detector.
There remains some doubt concerning the optimum number of solvents to be
employed in the multiple solvent, gradient elution programme. Scott and Kucera et al
[217] recommend a twelve solvent series while Snyder et al [218] proposed a six solvent
series to cover the entire polarity range adequately.
10.9.4 Ion-exchange chromatography
Among the limited applications of ion-exchange chromatography to the separation of
organics in water are the separation of organics in sewage effluents [219–221] and the
determination of chlorinated biphenyls [92]. Pill et al [221] using high resolution ionexchange chromatography identified and quantified 56 and 13 organics, respectively,
in primary and secondary sewage effluents. Many more unidentified compounds were
present.
10.9.5 Gel filtration chromatography
Gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G100 as column packing, and ultraviolet detectors, have been used in studies carried out on the elution of humic acid [222]
and in characterisation studies on secondary sewage effluents [223] and in organic
substances in river waters [224].
10.9.6 Preconcentration
A limited amount of work has been carried out on freeze concentration methods for
organics in sludge [226]. The method has been applied to the preconcentration of
amino acids, carbohydrates, citric acid and phenylalanine [225] giving virtually complete recovery of these substances at concentrations up to 0.2 mg l
−1 . The technique has
been used in conjunction with Sephadex gel chromatography to characterise organic
components in the molecular weight range 200-5000 in secondary sewage effluents.
The filtered samples were concentrated using a freeze drying unit with methyl alcohol
as the bath fluid. The organic carbon recovery in the freeze dried samples was between
92 and 96%.
REFERENCES
[1] Copin, A., Delen, R., Monteau, A. & Rocher, M. (1982) Science of the Total
Environment, 22, 179.
[2] Bohne-Mabusall, R., Otto, K. & Wilderer, P.Z. (1987) Wasset Abwasset Forsh, 20, 35.
[3] Ryzhova, L.G., Glizhov, Y.G. & Borodina, O.I. (1986) Soviet Journal of Water Chemistry
and Technology, 8, 106.
[4] Boner-Mabusall, R., Otto, K. & Wilderer, P. (1987) Wasset Abwasser Forchung, 20, 35.
[5] Millson, M.F. (1970) Journal of Chromatography, 50, 155.