198 Organic compounds in soils, sediments & sludges
lower carbon content and a higher oxygen content than the humic acids, and was
more hydrophilic.
Hayase et al [42] characterised fulvic acid from sediment collected from Tokyo Bay
by reversed phase liquid chromatography. Sedimentary fulvic acid exhibited increasing
hydrophilic character with increasing molecular weight. The method used was effective
for the hydrophobic/hydrophilic characterisation of humic substances.
Gregory et al [43] have carried out mapping of concentrations of various organic
compounds originating from industrial effluents in coastal water sediment. EDX and
other techniques were employed.
8.2 ESTUARY SEDIMENTS
8.2.1 Chlorobenzenes
Isooctane extraction followed by gas chromatography [44] has been applied to
the determination of various (0.0003–0.07 mg kg
−1 ) chlorobenzenes in estuarine
sediments.
8.2.2 Hexachlorophene
Beller and Simoneit et al [45] studied the occurrence of hexachlorophene in extracts
of estuarine sediments taken from the Hudson River. Hexachlorophene was detected
only in the humic acid fractions of the samples, indicating that it could bind strongly
to organic matter and was highly resistant to degradation in that form.
8.2.3 Polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated insecticides
and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons
Japenga et al [46] determined polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated insecticides
in river Elbe estuary sediments by a procedure in which the sediments were pre-treated
with acetic acid, mixed with silica and Soxhlet-extracted with benzene/hexane. Humic
material and elemental sulphur were removed by passing the extract through a chromatographic column containing basic alumina, on which sodium sulphite and sodium
hydroxide were adsorbed. Silica fractionation was followed by gas chromatography
to analyse chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclicaromatic
hydrocarbons. Recoveries were in the range of 90–102%.
8.2.4 Sterols
Readman et al [47] selected capillary gas chromatography using a flame ionisation
detector as the method for quantifying sterols, in particular coprostanol, as a marker
of faecal pollution. The hydrocarbon fraction produced as a by-product of the sterol
analysis was used for quantifying ‘oil derived’ and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Analyses of sediments from estuaries of the Mersey, Dee and Tamar rivers are given as
examples of how to interpret results obtained by this method. Petrogenic and biogenic
inputs of saturated hydrocarbons could be distinguished.
lower carbon content and a higher oxygen content than the humic acids, and was
more hydrophilic.
Hayase et al [42] characterised fulvic acid from sediment collected from Tokyo Bay
by reversed phase liquid chromatography. Sedimentary fulvic acid exhibited increasing
hydrophilic character with increasing molecular weight. The method used was effective
for the hydrophobic/hydrophilic characterisation of humic substances.
Gregory et al [43] have carried out mapping of concentrations of various organic
compounds originating from industrial effluents in coastal water sediment. EDX and
other techniques were employed.
8.2 ESTUARY SEDIMENTS
8.2.1 Chlorobenzenes
Isooctane extraction followed by gas chromatography [44] has been applied to
the determination of various (0.0003–0.07 mg kg
−1 ) chlorobenzenes in estuarine
sediments.
8.2.2 Hexachlorophene
Beller and Simoneit et al [45] studied the occurrence of hexachlorophene in extracts
of estuarine sediments taken from the Hudson River. Hexachlorophene was detected
only in the humic acid fractions of the samples, indicating that it could bind strongly
to organic matter and was highly resistant to degradation in that form.
8.2.3 Polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated insecticides
and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons
Japenga et al [46] determined polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated insecticides
in river Elbe estuary sediments by a procedure in which the sediments were pre-treated
with acetic acid, mixed with silica and Soxhlet-extracted with benzene/hexane. Humic
material and elemental sulphur were removed by passing the extract through a chromatographic column containing basic alumina, on which sodium sulphite and sodium
hydroxide were adsorbed. Silica fractionation was followed by gas chromatography
to analyse chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclicaromatic
hydrocarbons. Recoveries were in the range of 90–102%.
8.2.4 Sterols
Readman et al [47] selected capillary gas chromatography using a flame ionisation
detector as the method for quantifying sterols, in particular coprostanol, as a marker
of faecal pollution. The hydrocarbon fraction produced as a by-product of the sterol
analysis was used for quantifying ‘oil derived’ and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Analyses of sediments from estuaries of the Mersey, Dee and Tamar rivers are given as
examples of how to interpret results obtained by this method. Petrogenic and biogenic
inputs of saturated hydrocarbons could be distinguished.