162 Organic compounds in soils, sediments & sludges
were evaluated in sediment samples collected from 15 selected locations of the Taihu
lake, one of the largest freshwater lakes in China. The contents of synthetic musks in
sediment samples range from 0.336 to 3.10 ng g
−1 for galoxohide, 0.184 to 1.21 ng g
−1
for AHTN, below detection limit) to 0.349 ng g
−1 for muskxlene ionalide , and
below detection limit to 0.0786 ng g
−1 for musk ketone. The contents of cashmeran,
celestolide and ADBI, AHMI and ATII are below detection limit. Results for traseoride
are detection limit in all samples . The results reflect current status of fragrance compound pollution in this area, and provide basic data for environmental policy making.
Semenov et al [208] have applied low-Z electron probe microanalysis with subsequent cluster analysis of the results to specify the chemistry of different groups of
suspended particles. Results obtained show that all the particles may be divided into
three groups: (1) mineral, (2) organic, and (3) mixed. Contribution of these groups
into the total composition of suspended sediments was evaluated. According to abundances of the particle groups, two categories of the rivers have been distinguished. Both
chemical and mineralogical differences in suspended particles between two categories
of Baikal tributaries are discussed. They are mainly conditioned by natural landscape
features and the land use on the watersheds. Gfrerer et al [206] have described a
multi-residue method for the screening and analysis of 66 common pesticides from
hydrological samples, including sediment, suspended solids and water. The investigated pesticides belong to the following chemical classes: polychlorinated organic
compounds, triazine- and chloroacetanilide herbicides, organophosphorus insecticides
and miscellaneous. The method includes fluidised-bed and microwave-assisted extraction for solid samples and solid-phase extraction on C
−
18 cartdriges for water samples,
followed by a combined purification-separation step on adsorption chromatography
using open silica gel columns. Two fractions were eluted separating the 66 analytes
into the non-polar and the more polar compounds. All analytes were identified and
quantified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in selected ion
monitoring mode. The method was characterised by recovery experiments and statistical methods and finally applied to environmental river samples during a one-year
monitoring program. This method allowed the screening and measurement of the contaminants in all parts of Liao-He and Uangtse rivers (Eastern China) at levels as low
as 0.07 ng/L resp. 0.7 ng/L for hexachlorobenzene, with a precision better than 20%.
Figure 6.7 is an example of the wide range of compounds that can be identified
and quantified in sediments by this technique.
Lopez-Avila et al [92] investigated the efficiency of dichloromethane extraction
procedures for the isolation of organic compounds from sediments prior to gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. The compounds investigated were the 51 priority
pollutants listed by the Environmental Protection Agency, USA.
Sediments are composed of extremely complex mixtures of compounds belonging
to a variety of compound classes. Beside the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons,
heterofuntionalised organic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur are
important constituents of soluble organic matter from geological materials. A separation of soluble organic matter into compound classes is generally required prior to
characterisation at the molecular level.
Prior work has been concentrated mostly on the isolation of distinct nitrogen sulphur and oxygen containing compound classes from soluble organic matter. Often,
selective extraction methods are applied as described for the isolation of, for example,
were evaluated in sediment samples collected from 15 selected locations of the Taihu
lake, one of the largest freshwater lakes in China. The contents of synthetic musks in
sediment samples range from 0.336 to 3.10 ng g
−1 for galoxohide, 0.184 to 1.21 ng g
−1
for AHTN, below detection limit) to 0.349 ng g
−1 for muskxlene ionalide , and
below detection limit to 0.0786 ng g
−1 for musk ketone. The contents of cashmeran,
celestolide and ADBI, AHMI and ATII are below detection limit. Results for traseoride
are detection limit in all samples . The results reflect current status of fragrance compound pollution in this area, and provide basic data for environmental policy making.
Semenov et al [208] have applied low-Z electron probe microanalysis with subsequent cluster analysis of the results to specify the chemistry of different groups of
suspended particles. Results obtained show that all the particles may be divided into
three groups: (1) mineral, (2) organic, and (3) mixed. Contribution of these groups
into the total composition of suspended sediments was evaluated. According to abundances of the particle groups, two categories of the rivers have been distinguished. Both
chemical and mineralogical differences in suspended particles between two categories
of Baikal tributaries are discussed. They are mainly conditioned by natural landscape
features and the land use on the watersheds. Gfrerer et al [206] have described a
multi-residue method for the screening and analysis of 66 common pesticides from
hydrological samples, including sediment, suspended solids and water. The investigated pesticides belong to the following chemical classes: polychlorinated organic
compounds, triazine- and chloroacetanilide herbicides, organophosphorus insecticides
and miscellaneous. The method includes fluidised-bed and microwave-assisted extraction for solid samples and solid-phase extraction on C
−
18 cartdriges for water samples,
followed by a combined purification-separation step on adsorption chromatography
using open silica gel columns. Two fractions were eluted separating the 66 analytes
into the non-polar and the more polar compounds. All analytes were identified and
quantified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in selected ion
monitoring mode. The method was characterised by recovery experiments and statistical methods and finally applied to environmental river samples during a one-year
monitoring program. This method allowed the screening and measurement of the contaminants in all parts of Liao-He and Uangtse rivers (Eastern China) at levels as low
as 0.07 ng/L resp. 0.7 ng/L for hexachlorobenzene, with a precision better than 20%.
Figure 6.7 is an example of the wide range of compounds that can be identified
and quantified in sediments by this technique.
Lopez-Avila et al [92] investigated the efficiency of dichloromethane extraction
procedures for the isolation of organic compounds from sediments prior to gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. The compounds investigated were the 51 priority
pollutants listed by the Environmental Protection Agency, USA.
Sediments are composed of extremely complex mixtures of compounds belonging
to a variety of compound classes. Beside the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons,
heterofuntionalised organic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur are
important constituents of soluble organic matter from geological materials. A separation of soluble organic matter into compound classes is generally required prior to
characterisation at the molecular level.
Prior work has been concentrated mostly on the isolation of distinct nitrogen sulphur and oxygen containing compound classes from soluble organic matter. Often,
selective extraction methods are applied as described for the isolation of, for example,