2.1 Type of Medical Annotation Object (Cognitive/Computational)
• Cognitive: this annotation is created to be used by a human agent. In this case, the
annotation requires a cognitive and intellectual effort to be interpreted. This
annotation has a visible visual form on the document [34].
• Computational: this annotation is intended to be processed and manipulated by
software agents. These annotations are also called meta-data. They allow us to
annotate computer resources to facilitate their exploitation by machines.
2.2 The Medical Annotation Activity (Manual, Automatic, Semiautomatic)
Annotation activity begins with the choice of anchor and annotation form in the
annotation toolbar related to the annotation software. Then, the annotation must
complete the properties of the annotation; this process ends with the attachment of the
annotation to a well-defined target. Based on this process we can classify the annotative
activity as: manual, semi-automatic or automatic [38].
• Manual: the process already mentioned will be carried out totally by the user
himself, who selects the form of the annotation, selects the anchor and creates the
annotation. This process is similar to the process of annotation when a paper
support is available.
• Automatic: the annotation process already mentioned is carried out totally by the
machine. These annotations are based on either context sensors or pattern recognition techniques, etc.
• Semi-automatic: in this case, the process will be done from the start by the user.
After a while, the system acquires and understands the way the user annotates. It
moves to a suggestion of annotations that are automated, based on an annotation
model built with rules under development. At this stage, human intervention
remains just to validate or not validate and to refine the annotation rules created at a
certain level, where there are no corrections and there is complete acceptance of the
suggested rules, human intervention is canceled and the process becomes totally
automated.
2.3 Healthcare Professional (Practitioner)
It is the annotator that is equipped with an annotation system to use all the functionalities offered by the latter. In our case, the practitioners are healthcare professionals
(doctor, nurse, biologist, and radiologist). The healthcare cycle is composed of four
phases (diagnostic, treatment, advice, follow up and observation). Each practitioner,
with a medical annotation system, intervenes in one or many phases, according to their
role, to accomplish a specific task in which annotation is made.
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• Cognitive: this annotation is created to be used by a human agent. In this case, the
annotation requires a cognitive and intellectual effort to be interpreted. This
annotation has a visible visual form on the document [34].
• Computational: this annotation is intended to be processed and manipulated by
software agents. These annotations are also called meta-data. They allow us to
annotate computer resources to facilitate their exploitation by machines.
2.2 The Medical Annotation Activity (Manual, Automatic, Semiautomatic)
Annotation activity begins with the choice of anchor and annotation form in the
annotation toolbar related to the annotation software. Then, the annotation must
complete the properties of the annotation; this process ends with the attachment of the
annotation to a well-defined target. Based on this process we can classify the annotative
activity as: manual, semi-automatic or automatic [38].
• Manual: the process already mentioned will be carried out totally by the user
himself, who selects the form of the annotation, selects the anchor and creates the
annotation. This process is similar to the process of annotation when a paper
support is available.
• Automatic: the annotation process already mentioned is carried out totally by the
machine. These annotations are based on either context sensors or pattern recognition techniques, etc.
• Semi-automatic: in this case, the process will be done from the start by the user.
After a while, the system acquires and understands the way the user annotates. It
moves to a suggestion of annotations that are automated, based on an annotation
model built with rules under development. At this stage, human intervention
remains just to validate or not validate and to refine the annotation rules created at a
certain level, where there are no corrections and there is complete acceptance of the
suggested rules, human intervention is canceled and the process becomes totally
automated.
2.3 Healthcare Professional (Practitioner)
It is the annotator that is equipped with an annotation system to use all the functionalities offered by the latter. In our case, the practitioners are healthcare professionals
(doctor, nurse, biologist, and radiologist). The healthcare cycle is composed of four
phases (diagnostic, treatment, advice, follow up and observation). Each practitioner,
with a medical annotation system, intervenes in one or many phases, according to their
role, to accomplish a specific task in which annotation is made.
318
K. Chehab et al.