Conclusion
281
Acknowledgments
281
Literature Cited
282
Chapter 9: Population Viability Analysis: Data Requirements and
Essential Analyses
Gary C. White
288
Qualitative Observations About Population Persistence
290
Generalities
290
Contradictions
292
Sources of Variation Affecting Population Persistence
293
No Variation
293
Stochastic Variation
293
Demographic Variation
295
Temporal Variation
297
Spatial Variation
300
Individual Variation
300
Process Variation
303
Components of a PVA
303
Direct Estimation of Variance Components
305
Indirect Estimation of Variance Components
312
Bootstrap Approach
313
Basic Population Model and Density Dependence
314
Incorporation of Parameter Uncertainty into Persistence Estimates 319
Discussion
322
Conclusion
325
Literature Cited
327
Chapter 10: Measuring the Dynamics of Mammalian Societies:
An Ecologist’s Guide to Ethological Methods
David W. Macdonald, Paul D. Stewart, Pavel Stopka,
and Nobuyuki Yamaguchi
332
Social Dynamics
332
Context
334
Why Study Social Dynamics?
335
Evolution of Sociality
335
Conservation Applications
335
Understanding Ourselves
336
How to Describe Social Dynamics
337
C O N T E N T S
xi