220
Table 15.5 Mandatory-process-indirect policy options – theoretical and practical examples
differentiated according to the market role
Mandatory-process-indirect policy options
Market role
Theoretical example (LC CO 2 legislation
of cars)
Examples from practice (EU)
Access
(a) Company has to show a proof that CO 2
emission values in relevant phases (e.g. use
phase) are determined (e.g. average values/
fl eet)
End-of-Life Vehicles Directive
(ELV):
Requires to provide recycling/
dismantling information as part
of the type approval
(b) Company has to demonstrate a “certifi ed”
management system/strategy to decrease CO 2
for cars which is based on LCT, but does not
require full LCA implementation
Incentive
(a) Company gets more points if it has an
Environmental Management Auditing system
(EMAS) for GPP; the information must be
available
No policy in the EU
(b) Company has to show that CO 2 emissions,
in relevant phases (e.g. use phase) are
determined and documented, e.g. using a
non-quantitative label like “we have used
LCA”; providing this could bring bonuses
Table 15.4 Mandatory-process-direct policy options – theoretical and practical examples
differentiated according to the market role
Mandatory-process-direct policy options
Market role
Theoretical example (LC CO 2 legislation of cars)
Examples
from practice
(EU)
Access
Company uses LCA to determine LC CO 2 -emissions, e.g. an
environmental product declaration (EPD) must be available,
but the product performance documented is not decisive for
type approval
No policy
in the EU
Incentive
LC CO 2 values must be available for GPP, e.g. for having
an EPD a bonus in PP can be received, but the product
performance documented is not relevant
No policy
in the EU
The voluntary-performance-direct option is the strongest voluntary policy option
and can be seen as an introductory step to reduce resistance against mandatory legislations. The same applies to the voluntary-performance-indirect option, which
additionally can be considered as basis for full LC based legislations. The voluntary-process based option is the weakest policy option and represents a very fi rst
step towards performance based and mandatory legislations. Further details on the
three voluntary policy options as well as theoretical and practical examples are provided in Table 15.6 .
A. Lehmann et al.
Table 15.5 Mandatory-process-indirect policy options – theoretical and practical examples
differentiated according to the market role
Mandatory-process-indirect policy options
Market role
Theoretical example (LC CO 2 legislation
of cars)
Examples from practice (EU)
Access
(a) Company has to show a proof that CO 2
emission values in relevant phases (e.g. use
phase) are determined (e.g. average values/
fl eet)
End-of-Life Vehicles Directive
(ELV):
Requires to provide recycling/
dismantling information as part
of the type approval
(b) Company has to demonstrate a “certifi ed”
management system/strategy to decrease CO 2
for cars which is based on LCT, but does not
require full LCA implementation
Incentive
(a) Company gets more points if it has an
Environmental Management Auditing system
(EMAS) for GPP; the information must be
available
No policy in the EU
(b) Company has to show that CO 2 emissions,
in relevant phases (e.g. use phase) are
determined and documented, e.g. using a
non-quantitative label like “we have used
LCA”; providing this could bring bonuses
Table 15.4 Mandatory-process-direct policy options – theoretical and practical examples
differentiated according to the market role
Mandatory-process-direct policy options
Market role
Theoretical example (LC CO 2 legislation of cars)
Examples
from practice
(EU)
Access
Company uses LCA to determine LC CO 2 -emissions, e.g. an
environmental product declaration (EPD) must be available,
but the product performance documented is not decisive for
type approval
No policy
in the EU
Incentive
LC CO 2 values must be available for GPP, e.g. for having
an EPD a bonus in PP can be received, but the product
performance documented is not relevant
No policy
in the EU
The voluntary-performance-direct option is the strongest voluntary policy option
and can be seen as an introductory step to reduce resistance against mandatory legislations. The same applies to the voluntary-performance-indirect option, which
additionally can be considered as basis for full LC based legislations. The voluntary-process based option is the weakest policy option and represents a very fi rst
step towards performance based and mandatory legislations. Further details on the
three voluntary policy options as well as theoretical and practical examples are provided in Table 15.6 .
A. Lehmann et al.