Within the framework of the Uplands Program, feeding trials were carried out in
aquaria and respirometry systems at the University of Hohenheim and in an
aquarium system at the Hanoi University of Agriculture. In the experiments at the
University of Hohenheim, grass carp were either fed a standard diet (control group),
with the standard diet supplemented with dried cassava leaves or weed mixtures
Table 8.3 Gross chemical composition of selected fish feed (Dongmeza et al. 2009; Steinbronn
2009)
Crop
Parts analyzed/
specifications
DM
% of
FM
CP
% of
DM
EE
% of
DM
NDF
% of
DM
ADF
% of
DM
Lig
% of
DM
CA
% of
DM
GE
MJ
kg
À1
By-products and leaves from cultivated crops
Cassava
Leaves without
petioles (longterm variety)
28.1
23.4 8.7
29.5 17.8
6.7
7.6 21.0
Cassava
Leaves without
petioles (shortterm variety)
28.1
25.9 7.9
27.9 17.6
7.4
6.8 21.0
Cassava
Peel (long-term
variety)
38.0
4.0 0.6
23.4 18.6
12.1
6.9 17.1
Cassava
Tubers (long-term
variety)
78.6
1.4 0.3
7.5
2.0
0.5
2.5 16.4
Banana
Leaves without
leaf veins
20.5
16.1 5.4
49.9 28.8
6.1
7.9 19.5
Maize
Leaves
36.7
13.0 2.6
56.1 34.9
6.6 11.0 17.2
Maize
Meal
86.9
10.9 6.5
13.6
3.7
0.3
1.4 20.9
Rice
Bran
a (dry)
89.0
7.7 6.5
53.1 40.3
17.2 13.0 18.1
Bamboo
Leaves with soft
stems
47.0
16.0 3.5
61.5 39.3
14.3 13.8 17.7
Mulberry
Leaves with soft
stems
29.6
25.3 3.0
22.5 15.4
3.9 10.8 17.4
Napier grass Blades of grass
19.8
16.3 2.9
60.5 36.8
6.6 13.6 16.0
Sweet potato Leaves and soft
stems
15.7
17.4 2.9
37.4 24.6
4.5 10.8 17.5
Native plants
Barnyard
grass
Blades of grass,
contains also
flowers
19.2
14.1 2.5
59.3 38.7
6.3
9.9 17.6
Mixed
weeds
b
Mix of weeds
14.6
15.6 2.3
62.4 35.7
9.5 13.3 16.9
Values are means of duplicate analysis (n ! 2)
ADF acid detergent fiber, CA crude ash, CP crude protein (N Â 6.25), DM dry matter, EE ether
extract, FM fresh matter, GE gross energy, Lig lignin (determined by solubilization of cellulose
with sulphuric acid), MJ mega joule, NDF neutral detergent fiber
a
Rice bran of low quality, partly containing rice hulls
b
Mix of monocotyles and dicotyles usually collected from paddy fields and dykes (e.g., Alternathera
sessili, Commelina nudiflora, Cyperus rotundus, Digitaria timorensis, Eclipta prostata, Kyllinga
monocephala, Sagitaria sagitifolia, Sporobolus indicus, Urochloa reptans and Wedelia calendulacea)
8 Improved Sustainable Aquaculture Systems for Small-Scale Farmers . . .
291
aquaria and respirometry systems at the University of Hohenheim and in an
aquarium system at the Hanoi University of Agriculture. In the experiments at the
University of Hohenheim, grass carp were either fed a standard diet (control group),
with the standard diet supplemented with dried cassava leaves or weed mixtures
Table 8.3 Gross chemical composition of selected fish feed (Dongmeza et al. 2009; Steinbronn
2009)
Crop
Parts analyzed/
specifications
DM
% of
FM
CP
% of
DM
EE
% of
DM
NDF
% of
DM
ADF
% of
DM
Lig
% of
DM
CA
% of
DM
GE
MJ
kg
À1
By-products and leaves from cultivated crops
Cassava
Leaves without
petioles (longterm variety)
28.1
23.4 8.7
29.5 17.8
6.7
7.6 21.0
Cassava
Leaves without
petioles (shortterm variety)
28.1
25.9 7.9
27.9 17.6
7.4
6.8 21.0
Cassava
Peel (long-term
variety)
38.0
4.0 0.6
23.4 18.6
12.1
6.9 17.1
Cassava
Tubers (long-term
variety)
78.6
1.4 0.3
7.5
2.0
0.5
2.5 16.4
Banana
Leaves without
leaf veins
20.5
16.1 5.4
49.9 28.8
6.1
7.9 19.5
Maize
Leaves
36.7
13.0 2.6
56.1 34.9
6.6 11.0 17.2
Maize
Meal
86.9
10.9 6.5
13.6
3.7
0.3
1.4 20.9
Rice
Bran
a (dry)
89.0
7.7 6.5
53.1 40.3
17.2 13.0 18.1
Bamboo
Leaves with soft
stems
47.0
16.0 3.5
61.5 39.3
14.3 13.8 17.7
Mulberry
Leaves with soft
stems
29.6
25.3 3.0
22.5 15.4
3.9 10.8 17.4
Napier grass Blades of grass
19.8
16.3 2.9
60.5 36.8
6.6 13.6 16.0
Sweet potato Leaves and soft
stems
15.7
17.4 2.9
37.4 24.6
4.5 10.8 17.5
Native plants
Barnyard
grass
Blades of grass,
contains also
flowers
19.2
14.1 2.5
59.3 38.7
6.3
9.9 17.6
Mixed
weeds
b
Mix of weeds
14.6
15.6 2.3
62.4 35.7
9.5 13.3 16.9
Values are means of duplicate analysis (n ! 2)
ADF acid detergent fiber, CA crude ash, CP crude protein (N Â 6.25), DM dry matter, EE ether
extract, FM fresh matter, GE gross energy, Lig lignin (determined by solubilization of cellulose
with sulphuric acid), MJ mega joule, NDF neutral detergent fiber
a
Rice bran of low quality, partly containing rice hulls
b
Mix of monocotyles and dicotyles usually collected from paddy fields and dykes (e.g., Alternathera
sessili, Commelina nudiflora, Cyperus rotundus, Digitaria timorensis, Eclipta prostata, Kyllinga
monocephala, Sagitaria sagitifolia, Sporobolus indicus, Urochloa reptans and Wedelia calendulacea)
8 Improved Sustainable Aquaculture Systems for Small-Scale Farmers . . .
291