17 Vibrational Microspectroscopy for Analysis of Atherosclerotic Arteries
509
tering and optical coherent topography [23, 47]. At present, techniques used in the
clinical diagnosis of atherosclerosis are not able to detect vulnerable atherosclerotic
plaques [48, 49], however there are new imaging methods which could be successfully use to detect high-risk plaque prone for rapture. these include intravascular
ultrasound, intravascular magnetic resonance imaging (ImRI), thermography, angioscopy, elastography, positron emission topography and electron-beam computed
topography [50].the imaging techniques (eg. Ct and mRI), noninvasive electrophysiological tests (for vulnerable myocardium) and emerging catheters, as well
as genomic and proteomic techniques, have also been presented as methods which
could guide us in the search for vulnerable plaque [51].
the measurement of atherosclerotic aorta tissue with the use of vibrational spectroscopy dates back to 1985 [52], yet the results reported there are of uncertain
quality due to the method of sample preparation. the first three significant papers
on atherosclerosis imaging by Ft-IR spectroscopy were published in 1991 by a
Baraga et al. [53] and by Kodali et al. [54] and just two years later in 1993 by the
former group [55]. then in 1997 hayashi et al. [56] analyzed rabbit vascular tissue
after photodynamic therapy. Following this, in 2002 Li et al. [57] published biochemical analysis of human aorta containing atherosclerotic plaques. Later, in 2003
Adar et al. [58] reported on atherosclerosis progression in apoE mice with the use
of vibrational spectroscopy. A year later a multi-technique based characterization of
atherosclerotic tissue was performed by Becker et al. [59] Simultaneously, Wetzel
et al. [60] studied collagen types in human atheroma with synchrotron radiation. At
that time the imaging equipment was sufficiently developed to allow the first high
quality imaging to be done in 2004 by Colley et al., [61] which was followed a year
later by a review done by the same group led by prof. Kazarian [5].
In the following year, Wang et al. [62] reported the possibility of using Ft-IR for
tissue classification purposes ex vivo, and two years later (2008), the same group
published a review also covering atherosclerotic tissue Ft-IR measurements [4].
2009 brought three articles by Palombo et al. in which vibrational spectroscopy was
used to characterize the effects of iNoS deletion [63] and L-arginine treatment [64]
on atherosclerosis progression. Palombo et al. studied also drug diffusion into the
aortic wall using this technique [65]. Independently, Ebenstein et al. [66] correlated
spectral features with mechanical properties of atherosclerotic tissue. In 2011, Wrobel et al. [67], released work focused on lipids distribution analysis in atherosclerotic
plaque, and a year later work about protein profile changes in atherosclerotic plaque
[68]. Finally, in 2012, Latermann et al. [69] investigated atherosclerotic plaques of
rabbits with a complementary approach of Ft-IR and Raman spectroscopies. other
works featured the differentiating of the atherosclerotic plaques in arterial tissues
was done with the use of the multimodal coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering
(CARS) microscopy [70–72].
We could take a risk and say that the future belongs to multimodal spectroscopy (mmS). As an example of this, we reported on can present the combination
of dRS, IFS and Raman spectroscopy, [73] which allow for depth sensing. dRS
provides information about the absorption and scattering properties of tissues and
gives information mainly about hemoglobin and ceroid fraction, while IFS provides
information about tissue fluorophores like collagen, elastin and lipids [73].
509
tering and optical coherent topography [23, 47]. At present, techniques used in the
clinical diagnosis of atherosclerosis are not able to detect vulnerable atherosclerotic
plaques [48, 49], however there are new imaging methods which could be successfully use to detect high-risk plaque prone for rapture. these include intravascular
ultrasound, intravascular magnetic resonance imaging (ImRI), thermography, angioscopy, elastography, positron emission topography and electron-beam computed
topography [50].the imaging techniques (eg. Ct and mRI), noninvasive electrophysiological tests (for vulnerable myocardium) and emerging catheters, as well
as genomic and proteomic techniques, have also been presented as methods which
could guide us in the search for vulnerable plaque [51].
the measurement of atherosclerotic aorta tissue with the use of vibrational spectroscopy dates back to 1985 [52], yet the results reported there are of uncertain
quality due to the method of sample preparation. the first three significant papers
on atherosclerosis imaging by Ft-IR spectroscopy were published in 1991 by a
Baraga et al. [53] and by Kodali et al. [54] and just two years later in 1993 by the
former group [55]. then in 1997 hayashi et al. [56] analyzed rabbit vascular tissue
after photodynamic therapy. Following this, in 2002 Li et al. [57] published biochemical analysis of human aorta containing atherosclerotic plaques. Later, in 2003
Adar et al. [58] reported on atherosclerosis progression in apoE mice with the use
of vibrational spectroscopy. A year later a multi-technique based characterization of
atherosclerotic tissue was performed by Becker et al. [59] Simultaneously, Wetzel
et al. [60] studied collagen types in human atheroma with synchrotron radiation. At
that time the imaging equipment was sufficiently developed to allow the first high
quality imaging to be done in 2004 by Colley et al., [61] which was followed a year
later by a review done by the same group led by prof. Kazarian [5].
In the following year, Wang et al. [62] reported the possibility of using Ft-IR for
tissue classification purposes ex vivo, and two years later (2008), the same group
published a review also covering atherosclerotic tissue Ft-IR measurements [4].
2009 brought three articles by Palombo et al. in which vibrational spectroscopy was
used to characterize the effects of iNoS deletion [63] and L-arginine treatment [64]
on atherosclerosis progression. Palombo et al. studied also drug diffusion into the
aortic wall using this technique [65]. Independently, Ebenstein et al. [66] correlated
spectral features with mechanical properties of atherosclerotic tissue. In 2011, Wrobel et al. [67], released work focused on lipids distribution analysis in atherosclerotic
plaque, and a year later work about protein profile changes in atherosclerotic plaque
[68]. Finally, in 2012, Latermann et al. [69] investigated atherosclerotic plaques of
rabbits with a complementary approach of Ft-IR and Raman spectroscopies. other
works featured the differentiating of the atherosclerotic plaques in arterial tissues
was done with the use of the multimodal coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering
(CARS) microscopy [70–72].
We could take a risk and say that the future belongs to multimodal spectroscopy (mmS). As an example of this, we reported on can present the combination
of dRS, IFS and Raman spectroscopy, [73] which allow for depth sensing. dRS
provides information about the absorption and scattering properties of tissues and
gives information mainly about hemoglobin and ceroid fraction, while IFS provides
information about tissue fluorophores like collagen, elastin and lipids [73].