5  α-Amino Acids In Water: A Review of VCD and ROA Spectra  
143
Proline
glucogenic
hydroxyproline [A22, A23]
Serine
glucogenic
Cysteine, glycine, tryptophan [A4,
A5–A7, A9, A14, A19]
Synthesis of sphingolipids (signaling molecules involved in various cellular
activities). [A48]
Phosphatidylserine (component of cell membranes) [A9]
threonine
glucogenic and
ketogenic
Isoleucine, leucine, valine [A10,
A11, A21]
tryptophan
glucogenic and
ketogenic
Serotonin, i.e. 5-hydroxytryptamine (aminergic neurotransmitter) [A49]
tryptamine (serotonin releasing agent) [A49]
melatonin (neurohormone) [A49]
Niacin (vitamin PP) [A49]
Camalexin (toxin) [A49, A50]
Indole-3-acetic acid (a plant hormone). [A49, A51]
tyrosine
glucogenic and
ketogenic
Catecholamine neurotransmitters: l-doPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine), norepinephrine, and epinephrine. [A26]
triiodothyronine (t3) and thyroxine (t4) [A52]
Precursor to morphine [A53]
Precursor to melanin [A26]
valine
glucogenic
In yeasts: isobutyl alcohol [A21]
Table A2 (continued)
AA
Skeleton catabolism Biosynthesis of the other AA
other metabolites