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flowing afterglow technique. Acc. Chem. Res. 14, 146–153 (1981)
55. Yang, X., Wang, X.B., Vorpagel, E.R., Wang, L.S.: Direct experimental observation of the low
ionization potentials of guanine in free oligonucleotides by using photoelectron spectroscopy.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 17588–17592 (2004)
56. Nachtigallova, D., Hobza, P., Ritze, H.H.: Electronic splitting in the excited states of DNA
base homodimers and -trimers: an evaluation of short-range and Coulombic interactions. Phys.
Chem. Chem. Phys. 10, 5689–5697 (2008)
57. Ritze, H.H., Hobza, P., Nachtigallova, D.: Electronic coupling in the excited electronic state of
stacked DNA base homodimers. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9, 1672–1675 (2007)
58. Bouvier, B., Dognon, J.P., Lavery, R., Markovitsi, D., Millie ´, P., Onidas, D., Zakrzewska, K.:
Influence of conformational dynamics on the exciton states of DNA oligomers. J. Phys. Chem.
B 107, 13512–13522 (2003)
59. Tonzani, S., Schatz, G.C.: Electronic excitations and spectra in single-stranded DNA. J. Am.
Chem. Soc. 130, 7607–7612 (2008)
60. Improta, R., Santoro, F., Barone, V., Lami, A.: Vibronic model for the quantum dynamical
study of the competition between bright and charge-transfer excited states in single-strand
polynucleotides: the adenine dimer case. J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 15346–15354 (2009)
61. Santoro, F., Barone, V., Improta, R.: Influence of base stacking on excited-state behavior of
polyadenine in water, based on time-dependent density functional calculations. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 104, 9931–9936 (2007)
62. Banyasz, A., Gustavsson, T., Onidas, D., Changenet-Barret, P., Markovitsi, D., Improta, R.:
Multi-pathway excited state relaxation of adenine oligomers in aqueous solution: a joint
theoretical and experimental study. Chem. Eur. J. 19, 3762–3774 (2013)
63. Boyarkin, O.V., Mercier, S.R., Kamariotis, A., Rizzo, T.R.: Electronic spectroscopy of cold,
protonated tryptophan and tyrosine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 2816–2817 (2006)
64. Gidden, J., Bowers, M.T.: Gas-phase conformational and energetic properties of deprotonated
dinucleotides. Eur. Phys. J. D 20, 409–419 (2002)
65. Li, L., Lubman, D.M.: Ultraviolet visible absorption-spectra of biological molecules in the
gas-phase using pulsed laser-induced volatilization enhancement in a diode-array spectrophotometer. Anal. Chem. 59, 2538–2541 (1987)
66. Zakjevskii, V.V., King, S.J., Dolgounitcheva, O., Zakrzewski, V.G., Ortiz, J.V.: Base and
phosphate electron detachment energies of deoxyribonucleotide anions. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
128, 13350–13351 (2006)
67. Weber, J.M., Ioffe, I.N., Berndt, K.M., Lo ¨ffler, D., Friedrich, J., Ehrler, O.T., Danell, A.S.,
Parks, J.H., Kappes, M.M.: Photoelectron spectroscopy of isolated multiply negatively
charged oligonucleotides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 8585–8589 (2004)
68. Marian, C., Nolting, D., Weinkauf, R.: The electronic spectrum of protonated adenine: theory
and experiment. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 7, 3306–3316 (2005)
69. Cheong, N.R., Nam, S.H., Park, H.S., Ryu, S., Song, J.K., Park, S.M., Perot, M., Lucas, B.,
Barat, M., Fayeton, J.A., Jouvet, C.: Photofragmentation in selected tautomers of protonated
adenine. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 291–295 (2011)
70. Zhu, Q.Q., LeBreton, P.R.: DNA photoionization and alkylation patterns in the interior of
guanine runs. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 12824–12834 (2000)
71. Giese, B.: Electron transfer in DNA. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6, 612–618 (2002)
72. Wang, L.S., Ding, C.F., Wang, X.B., Nicholas, J.B., Nicholas, B.: Probing the potential
barriers and intramolecular electrostatic interactions in free doubly charged anions. Phys.
Rev. Lett. 81, 2667–2670 (1998)
73. Wang, X.B., Ding, C.F., Wang, L.S.: Photodetachment spectroscopy of a doubly charged
anion: direct observation of the repulsive Coulomb barrier. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3351–3354
(1998)
206
J.M. Weber et al.