32. Lepere, V., Lucas, B., Barat, M., Fayeton, J.A., Picard, Y.J., Jouvet, C., C ¸ arc ¸abal, P., Nielsen,
I.B., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Gre ´goire, G., Fujii, M.: Comprehensive characterization of the
photodissociation pathways of protonated tryptophan. J. Chem. Phys. 127, 134313 (2007)
33. Gre ´goire, G., Lucas, B., Barat, M., Fayeton, J.A., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Jouvet, C.: UV
photoinduced dynamics in protonated aromatic amino acid. Eur. Phys. J. D 51, 109–116 (2009)
34. Kang, H., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Jouvet, C., Martrenchard, S., Gre ´goire, G., Desfranc ¸ois, C.,
Schermann, J.-P., Barat, M., Fayeton, J.A.: Photo-induced dissociation of protonated tryptophan TrpH+: a direct dissociation channel in the excited states controls the hydrogen atom loss.
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 2628–2632 (2004)
35. Mercier, S.R., Boyarkin, O.V., Kamarioti, A., Guglielmi, M., Tavernelli, I., Cascella, M.,
Rothlisberger, U., Rizzo, T.R.: Microsolvation effects on the excited-state dynamics of
protonated tryptophan. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 16938–16943 (2006)
36. Boyarkin, O.V., Mercier, S.R., Kamariotis, A., Rizzo, T.R.: Electronic spectroscopy of cold
protonated tryptophan and tyrosine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 2816–2817 (2006)
37. Rogalewicz, F., Hoppilliard, Y., Ohanessian, G.: Fragmentation mechanisms of alpha-amino
acids protonated under electrospray ionization: a collisional activation and ab initio theoretical
study. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 195–196, 565–590 (2000)
38. Lioe, H., O’Hair, R.A.J., Reid, G.E.: Gas phase ion chemistry of biomolecules. Part 37 - Gasphase reactions of protonated tryptophan. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 15, 65–76 (2004)
39. Grewal, R.N., El Aribi, H., Harrison, A.G., Siu, K.W.M., Hopkinson, A.C.: Fragmentation of
protonated tripeptides: the proline effect revisited. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 4899–4908 (2004)
40. El Aribi, H., Orlova, G., Rodriquez, C.F., Almeida, D.R.P., Hopkinson, A.C., Siu, K.W.M.:
Fragmentation mechanisms of product ions from protonated tripeptides. J. Phys. Chem. B 108,
18743–18749 (2004)
41. Lucas, B., Barat, M., Fayeton, J.A., Perot, M., Jouvet, C., Gre ´goire, G., Brøndsted Nielsen, S.:
Mechanisms of photoinduced C-alpha-C-beta bond breakage in protonated aromatic amino
acids. J. Chem. Phys. 128, 164302 (2008)
42. Svendsen, A., Lorenz, U.J., Boyarkin, O.V., Rizzo, T.R.: A new tandem mass spectrometer for
photofragment spectroscopy of cold gas-phase molecular ions. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 073107
(2010)
43. Wang, Y.S., Tsai, C.H., Lee, Y.T., Chang, H.C., Jiang, J.C., Asvany, O., Schlemmer, S.,
Gerlich, D.: Investigations of protonated and deprotonated water clusters using a lowtemperature 22-pole ion trap. J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 4217–4225 (2003)
44. Wang, X.-B., Wang, L.-S.: Development of a low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy
instrument using an electrospray ion source and a cryogenically controlled ion trap. Rev. Sci.
Instrum. 79, 073108 (2008)
45. Choi, C.M., Choi, D.H., Kim, N.J., Heo, J.: Effective temperature of protonated tyrosine ions
in a cold quadrupole ion trap. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 314, 18–21 (2012)
46. Fujihara, A., Matsumoto, H., Shibata, Y., Ishikawa, H., Fuke, K.: Photodissociation and
spectroscopic study of cold protonated dipeptides. J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 1457–1463 (2008)
47. Fujihara, A., Noguchi, N., Yamada, Y., Ishikawa, H., Fuke, K.: Microsolvation and protonation effects on geometric and electronic structures of tryptophan and tryptophan-containing
dipeptides. J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 8169–8175 (2009)
48. Rode, M., Sobolewski, A.L., Dedonder, C., Jouvet, C., Dopfer, O.: Computational study on the
photophysics of protonated benzene. J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 5865–5873 (2009)
49. PGOPHER, a program for simulating rotational structure. C. M. Western, University of
Bristol. http://pgopher.chm.bris.ac.uk
50. Send, R., Ku ¨hn, M., Furche, F.: Assessing excited state methods by adiabatic excitation
energies. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 7, 2376–2386 (2011)
51. Grace, L.I., Cohen, R., Dunn, T.M., Lubman, D.M., De Vries, M.S.: The R2PI spectroscopy of
tyrosine: a vibronic analysis. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 215, 204–219 (2002)
9 Excited-State Dynamics of Protonated Aromatic Amino Acids
179
I.B., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Gre ´goire, G., Fujii, M.: Comprehensive characterization of the
photodissociation pathways of protonated tryptophan. J. Chem. Phys. 127, 134313 (2007)
33. Gre ´goire, G., Lucas, B., Barat, M., Fayeton, J.A., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Jouvet, C.: UV
photoinduced dynamics in protonated aromatic amino acid. Eur. Phys. J. D 51, 109–116 (2009)
34. Kang, H., Dedonder-Lardeux, C., Jouvet, C., Martrenchard, S., Gre ´goire, G., Desfranc ¸ois, C.,
Schermann, J.-P., Barat, M., Fayeton, J.A.: Photo-induced dissociation of protonated tryptophan TrpH+: a direct dissociation channel in the excited states controls the hydrogen atom loss.
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 6, 2628–2632 (2004)
35. Mercier, S.R., Boyarkin, O.V., Kamarioti, A., Guglielmi, M., Tavernelli, I., Cascella, M.,
Rothlisberger, U., Rizzo, T.R.: Microsolvation effects on the excited-state dynamics of
protonated tryptophan. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 16938–16943 (2006)
36. Boyarkin, O.V., Mercier, S.R., Kamariotis, A., Rizzo, T.R.: Electronic spectroscopy of cold
protonated tryptophan and tyrosine. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 2816–2817 (2006)
37. Rogalewicz, F., Hoppilliard, Y., Ohanessian, G.: Fragmentation mechanisms of alpha-amino
acids protonated under electrospray ionization: a collisional activation and ab initio theoretical
study. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 195–196, 565–590 (2000)
38. Lioe, H., O’Hair, R.A.J., Reid, G.E.: Gas phase ion chemistry of biomolecules. Part 37 - Gasphase reactions of protonated tryptophan. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 15, 65–76 (2004)
39. Grewal, R.N., El Aribi, H., Harrison, A.G., Siu, K.W.M., Hopkinson, A.C.: Fragmentation of
protonated tripeptides: the proline effect revisited. J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 4899–4908 (2004)
40. El Aribi, H., Orlova, G., Rodriquez, C.F., Almeida, D.R.P., Hopkinson, A.C., Siu, K.W.M.:
Fragmentation mechanisms of product ions from protonated tripeptides. J. Phys. Chem. B 108,
18743–18749 (2004)
41. Lucas, B., Barat, M., Fayeton, J.A., Perot, M., Jouvet, C., Gre ´goire, G., Brøndsted Nielsen, S.:
Mechanisms of photoinduced C-alpha-C-beta bond breakage in protonated aromatic amino
acids. J. Chem. Phys. 128, 164302 (2008)
42. Svendsen, A., Lorenz, U.J., Boyarkin, O.V., Rizzo, T.R.: A new tandem mass spectrometer for
photofragment spectroscopy of cold gas-phase molecular ions. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 073107
(2010)
43. Wang, Y.S., Tsai, C.H., Lee, Y.T., Chang, H.C., Jiang, J.C., Asvany, O., Schlemmer, S.,
Gerlich, D.: Investigations of protonated and deprotonated water clusters using a lowtemperature 22-pole ion trap. J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 4217–4225 (2003)
44. Wang, X.-B., Wang, L.-S.: Development of a low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy
instrument using an electrospray ion source and a cryogenically controlled ion trap. Rev. Sci.
Instrum. 79, 073108 (2008)
45. Choi, C.M., Choi, D.H., Kim, N.J., Heo, J.: Effective temperature of protonated tyrosine ions
in a cold quadrupole ion trap. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 314, 18–21 (2012)
46. Fujihara, A., Matsumoto, H., Shibata, Y., Ishikawa, H., Fuke, K.: Photodissociation and
spectroscopic study of cold protonated dipeptides. J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 1457–1463 (2008)
47. Fujihara, A., Noguchi, N., Yamada, Y., Ishikawa, H., Fuke, K.: Microsolvation and protonation effects on geometric and electronic structures of tryptophan and tryptophan-containing
dipeptides. J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 8169–8175 (2009)
48. Rode, M., Sobolewski, A.L., Dedonder, C., Jouvet, C., Dopfer, O.: Computational study on the
photophysics of protonated benzene. J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 5865–5873 (2009)
49. PGOPHER, a program for simulating rotational structure. C. M. Western, University of
Bristol. http://pgopher.chm.bris.ac.uk
50. Send, R., Ku ¨hn, M., Furche, F.: Assessing excited state methods by adiabatic excitation
energies. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 7, 2376–2386 (2011)
51. Grace, L.I., Cohen, R., Dunn, T.M., Lubman, D.M., De Vries, M.S.: The R2PI spectroscopy of
tyrosine: a vibronic analysis. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 215, 204–219 (2002)
9 Excited-State Dynamics of Protonated Aromatic Amino Acids
179