6. Chingin, K., Balabin, R.M., Frankevich, V., Chen, H., Barylyuk, K., Nieckarz, R., Fedorov, A.,
Zenobi, R.: Optical properties of protonated Rhodamine 19 isomers in solution and in the gas
phase. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 14121–14127 (2010)
7. Chingin, K., Chen, H., Gamez, G., Zenobi, R.: Exploring fluorescence and fragmentation of
ions produced by electrospray ionization in ultrahigh vacuum. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 20,
1731–1738 (2009)
8. Czar, M.F., Jockusch, R.A.: Understanding photophysical effects of cucurbituril encapsulation: a model study with acridine orange in the gas phase. ChemPhysChem 14, 1138–1148
(2013)
9. Nagy, A.M., Talbot, F.O., Czar, M.F., Jockusch, R.A.: Fluorescence lifetimes of rhodamine
dyes in vacuo. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 244, 47–53 (2012)
10. Sagoo, S.K., Jockusch, R.A.: The fluorescence properties of cationic rhodamine B in the gas
phase. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 220, 173–178 (2011)
11. McQueen, P.D., Sagoo, S., Yao, H., Jockusch, R.A.: On the intrinsic photophysics of fluorescein. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 9193–9196 (2010)
12. Yao, H., Jockusch, R.A.: Fluorescence and electronic action spectroscopy of mass-selected
gas-phase fluorescein 2
0 ,7
0 -dichlorofluorescein, and 2
0 ,7
0 -difluorofluorescein ions. J. Phys.
Chem. A 117, 1351–1359 (2013)
13. Kordel, M., Schooss, D., Neiss, C., Walter, L., Kappes, M.M.: Laser-induced fluorescence of
Rhodamine 6G cations in the gas phase: a lower bound to the lifetime of the first triplet state. J.
Phys. Chem. A 114, 5509–5514 (2010)
14. Donald, W.A., Leib, R.D., Demireva, M., Negru, B., Neumark, D.M., Williams, E.R.:
“Weighing” photon energies with mass spectrometry: effects of water on ion fluorescence. J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 6904–6905 (2010)
15. Danell, A.S., Parks, J.H.: FRET measurements of trapped oligonucleotide duplexes. Int. J.
Mass Spectrom. 229, 35–45 (2003)
16. Dashtiev, M., Azoz, V., Frankevich, V., Scharfenberg, L., Zenobi, R.: Clear evidence of
fluorescence resonance energy transfer in gas-phase ions. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 16,
1481–1487 (2005)
17. Talbot, F.O., Rullo, A., Yao, H., Jockusch, R.A.: Fluorescence resonance energy transfer in
gaseous, mass-selected polyproline peptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 16156–16164 (2010)
18. Iavarone, A.T., Parks, J.H.: Conformational change in unsolvated Trp-cage protein probed by
fluorescence. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 8606–8607 (2005)
19. Iavarone, A.T., Patriksson, A., van der Spoel, D., Parks, J.H.: Fluorescence probe of Trp-cage
protein conformation in solution and in gas phase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 6726–6735 (2007)
20. Iavarone, A.T., Duft, D., Parks, J.H.: Shedding light on biomolecule conformational dynamics
using fluorescence measurements of trapped ions. J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 12714–12727 (2006)
21. Iavarone, A.T., Meinen, J., Schulze, S., Parks, J.H.: Fluorescence probe of polypeptide
conformational dynamics in gas phase and in solution. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 253, 172–180
(2006)
22. Shi, X., Parks, J.H.: Fluorescence lifetime probe of biomolecular conformations. J. Am. Soc.
Mass Spectrom. 21, 707–718 (2010)
23. Shi, X., Duft, D., Parks, J.H.: Fluorescence quenching induced by conformational fluctuations
in unsolvated polypeptides. J. Phys. Chem. B 112, 12801–12815 (2008)
24. Rodriguez-Cruz, S.E., Khoury, J.T., Parks, J.H.: Protein fluorescence measurements within
electrospray droplets. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 12, 716–725 (2001)
25. Shimomura, O.: Bioluminescence: Chemical Principles and Methods. World Scientific,
Hackensack, NJ (2006)
26. Ando, Y., Niwa, K., Yamada, N., Enomoto, T., Irie, T., Kubota, H., Ohmiya, Y., Akiyama, H.:
Firefly bioluminescence quantum yield and colour change by pH-sensitive green emission.
Nat. Photon. 2, 44–47 (2008)
27. Hosseinkhani, S.: Molecular enigma of multicolor bioluminescence of firefly luciferase. Cell.
Mol. Life Sci. 68, 1167–1182 (2011)
6 Fluorescence from Gas-Phase Biomolecular Ions
115
Zenobi, R.: Optical properties of protonated Rhodamine 19 isomers in solution and in the gas
phase. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 14121–14127 (2010)
7. Chingin, K., Chen, H., Gamez, G., Zenobi, R.: Exploring fluorescence and fragmentation of
ions produced by electrospray ionization in ultrahigh vacuum. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 20,
1731–1738 (2009)
8. Czar, M.F., Jockusch, R.A.: Understanding photophysical effects of cucurbituril encapsulation: a model study with acridine orange in the gas phase. ChemPhysChem 14, 1138–1148
(2013)
9. Nagy, A.M., Talbot, F.O., Czar, M.F., Jockusch, R.A.: Fluorescence lifetimes of rhodamine
dyes in vacuo. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 244, 47–53 (2012)
10. Sagoo, S.K., Jockusch, R.A.: The fluorescence properties of cationic rhodamine B in the gas
phase. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 220, 173–178 (2011)
11. McQueen, P.D., Sagoo, S., Yao, H., Jockusch, R.A.: On the intrinsic photophysics of fluorescein. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 9193–9196 (2010)
12. Yao, H., Jockusch, R.A.: Fluorescence and electronic action spectroscopy of mass-selected
gas-phase fluorescein 2
0 ,7
0 -dichlorofluorescein, and 2
0 ,7
0 -difluorofluorescein ions. J. Phys.
Chem. A 117, 1351–1359 (2013)
13. Kordel, M., Schooss, D., Neiss, C., Walter, L., Kappes, M.M.: Laser-induced fluorescence of
Rhodamine 6G cations in the gas phase: a lower bound to the lifetime of the first triplet state. J.
Phys. Chem. A 114, 5509–5514 (2010)
14. Donald, W.A., Leib, R.D., Demireva, M., Negru, B., Neumark, D.M., Williams, E.R.:
“Weighing” photon energies with mass spectrometry: effects of water on ion fluorescence. J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 6904–6905 (2010)
15. Danell, A.S., Parks, J.H.: FRET measurements of trapped oligonucleotide duplexes. Int. J.
Mass Spectrom. 229, 35–45 (2003)
16. Dashtiev, M., Azoz, V., Frankevich, V., Scharfenberg, L., Zenobi, R.: Clear evidence of
fluorescence resonance energy transfer in gas-phase ions. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 16,
1481–1487 (2005)
17. Talbot, F.O., Rullo, A., Yao, H., Jockusch, R.A.: Fluorescence resonance energy transfer in
gaseous, mass-selected polyproline peptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 16156–16164 (2010)
18. Iavarone, A.T., Parks, J.H.: Conformational change in unsolvated Trp-cage protein probed by
fluorescence. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 8606–8607 (2005)
19. Iavarone, A.T., Patriksson, A., van der Spoel, D., Parks, J.H.: Fluorescence probe of Trp-cage
protein conformation in solution and in gas phase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 6726–6735 (2007)
20. Iavarone, A.T., Duft, D., Parks, J.H.: Shedding light on biomolecule conformational dynamics
using fluorescence measurements of trapped ions. J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 12714–12727 (2006)
21. Iavarone, A.T., Meinen, J., Schulze, S., Parks, J.H.: Fluorescence probe of polypeptide
conformational dynamics in gas phase and in solution. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 253, 172–180
(2006)
22. Shi, X., Parks, J.H.: Fluorescence lifetime probe of biomolecular conformations. J. Am. Soc.
Mass Spectrom. 21, 707–718 (2010)
23. Shi, X., Duft, D., Parks, J.H.: Fluorescence quenching induced by conformational fluctuations
in unsolvated polypeptides. J. Phys. Chem. B 112, 12801–12815 (2008)
24. Rodriguez-Cruz, S.E., Khoury, J.T., Parks, J.H.: Protein fluorescence measurements within
electrospray droplets. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 12, 716–725 (2001)
25. Shimomura, O.: Bioluminescence: Chemical Principles and Methods. World Scientific,
Hackensack, NJ (2006)
26. Ando, Y., Niwa, K., Yamada, N., Enomoto, T., Irie, T., Kubota, H., Ohmiya, Y., Akiyama, H.:
Firefly bioluminescence quantum yield and colour change by pH-sensitive green emission.
Nat. Photon. 2, 44–47 (2008)
27. Hosseinkhani, S.: Molecular enigma of multicolor bioluminescence of firefly luciferase. Cell.
Mol. Life Sci. 68, 1167–1182 (2011)
6 Fluorescence from Gas-Phase Biomolecular Ions
115