578
R. W. Kessler and W. Kessler
xylene (BTX). Typically, ethylene and BTX are produced by thermal cracking or
catalytic reforming of naphtha. Naphtha consists of alkanes, cycloalkanes, or naphthenes (C6–C10, boiling point 75–190 °C) and aromatic hydrocarbons present in the
original crude oil. The most important property is paraffins, isoparaffins, aromatics,
naphthenes, olefine (PIANO) compositions based on single carbon chain lengths
with high concentrations and therefore relatively easy to calibrate [62, 63].
Heavy petroleum products, bitumen, and asphaltenes:
These samples are completely dark in color, very viscous, and difficult to handle.
Solid suspensions and particles in these products also affect the reproducibility of NIR
measurements. ASTM analysis methods require a long analysis time. Maintenance is
costly and requires a considerable amount of work. The spectral properties of heavy
hydrocarbons are much less sensitive to structural changes due to the longer chain
lengths. A further hurdle for reliable spectroscopic measurement is the presence of
water in crude oil, because crude oil can still contain water dispersed in the mass
even after the separation of water. This changes the scattering and absorption and the
measurement becomes erroneous and can only be corrected with difficulty or not at
all [62, 63].
The combination of many unit operations at the same place together with the
auxiliary facilities forms very large industrial complexes. Each refinery has its own
unique arrangement and combination of their refining processes which are largely
determined by the refinery location and used crude oil, desired products together with
economic considerations. This means that every refinery has its own spectroscopic
fingerprint representing the properties of the used crude oil and the settings of the
unit operations.
23.6.1.3 Complexity of a Refinery: Example OMV Refinery
Burghausen, Germany
OMV is an Austrian-based company and operates a total of three refineries: one in
Schwechat (Austria) and one in Burghausen (South Germany), with both refineries
also producing basic petrochemicals, along with the Refinery Petrobrazi (Romania).
At OMV refineries, crude oil is converted into fuel, heating oil, bitumen, and petrochemical products by means of distillation, desulfurization, refining, and mixing.
Special features of the refinery Burghausen, Germany, are [64]:
• Use of especially high-quality and low-sulfur crude oil types.
• Focus on petrochemistry to supply the southeast Bavarian chemical triangle.
• Residue-free crude oil processing through the complete conversion of heavy crude
oil-based components into high-quality products.
• The International Airport Munich which is located approximately 125 km away
is supplied with jet fuel by pipeline.
• Protection of the environment and saving of resources because of energy
circulation with maximized heat recovery.
R. W. Kessler and W. Kessler
xylene (BTX). Typically, ethylene and BTX are produced by thermal cracking or
catalytic reforming of naphtha. Naphtha consists of alkanes, cycloalkanes, or naphthenes (C6–C10, boiling point 75–190 °C) and aromatic hydrocarbons present in the
original crude oil. The most important property is paraffins, isoparaffins, aromatics,
naphthenes, olefine (PIANO) compositions based on single carbon chain lengths
with high concentrations and therefore relatively easy to calibrate [62, 63].
Heavy petroleum products, bitumen, and asphaltenes:
These samples are completely dark in color, very viscous, and difficult to handle.
Solid suspensions and particles in these products also affect the reproducibility of NIR
measurements. ASTM analysis methods require a long analysis time. Maintenance is
costly and requires a considerable amount of work. The spectral properties of heavy
hydrocarbons are much less sensitive to structural changes due to the longer chain
lengths. A further hurdle for reliable spectroscopic measurement is the presence of
water in crude oil, because crude oil can still contain water dispersed in the mass
even after the separation of water. This changes the scattering and absorption and the
measurement becomes erroneous and can only be corrected with difficulty or not at
all [62, 63].
The combination of many unit operations at the same place together with the
auxiliary facilities forms very large industrial complexes. Each refinery has its own
unique arrangement and combination of their refining processes which are largely
determined by the refinery location and used crude oil, desired products together with
economic considerations. This means that every refinery has its own spectroscopic
fingerprint representing the properties of the used crude oil and the settings of the
unit operations.
23.6.1.3 Complexity of a Refinery: Example OMV Refinery
Burghausen, Germany
OMV is an Austrian-based company and operates a total of three refineries: one in
Schwechat (Austria) and one in Burghausen (South Germany), with both refineries
also producing basic petrochemicals, along with the Refinery Petrobrazi (Romania).
At OMV refineries, crude oil is converted into fuel, heating oil, bitumen, and petrochemical products by means of distillation, desulfurization, refining, and mixing.
Special features of the refinery Burghausen, Germany, are [64]:
• Use of especially high-quality and low-sulfur crude oil types.
• Focus on petrochemistry to supply the southeast Bavarian chemical triangle.
• Residue-free crude oil processing through the complete conversion of heavy crude
oil-based components into high-quality products.
• The International Airport Munich which is located approximately 125 km away
is supplied with jet fuel by pipeline.
• Protection of the environment and saving of resources because of energy
circulation with maximized heat recovery.