422
C. W. Huck
NIR spectroscopy and BOLD-fMRI recording during functional brain activation in
patients. Noteworthy, NIR spectroscopy delivered good diagnostic performances
in the cases, in which BOLD-fMRI performed poorly. It was, therefore, concluded
that a combined use of both techniques could lead to a higher level of accuracy in
the functional imaging of diseased brains [13].
Kasemsumran et al. performed a series of investigations of the analytical capability of NIR spectroscopy in the analysis of human serum albumin (HSA), γ -globulin
and glucose for the needs of biomedical purposes. These studies demonstrated the
potential for simultaneous determination of HSA, γ -globulin, and glucose by NIR
spectroscopy in a model phosphate buffer solution and in a control serum solution
that represents a complicated biological fluid [14, 15]. In the study using phosphate
buffer solution, five levels of full factorial design were used to prepare a sample set
consisting of 125 samples of three component mixtures with various concentrations
and examined at 37 °C. The spectral dataset was analyzed using moving-window
partial least squares regression (MW-PLSR), which determined the spectral ranges
of 4648–4323, 4647–4255 and 4912–4304 cm
−1 as the most informative and correlated with the content of the targeted molecules (Fig. 19.5) [14]. Subsequently, the
analysis of HSA, γ -globulin and glucose in a more complex matrix, the control
serum solution, was attempted using an evolutionary chemometric method, searching
combination moving window partial least squares (SCMW-PLS). In that study, the
control serum IIB (CS IIB) solutions with various concentrations were prepared,
and NIR spectroscopy supported by SCMW-PLS was able to successfully determine
simultaneously the concentrations of HSA, γ -globulin and glucose in a complex
biological fluid [14].
19.5 Saliva Analysis
A diagnostic method based on NIR spectroscopy has been proposed by
Murayama et al. for oral cancer detection from one drop of saliva without any
specific diagnosis marker [16]. In that study, the NIR spectra of one drop of saliva
were measured using a capillary tube method. Principal component analysis with
the second and third factors calculated with the second-derivative NIR spectra clearly
discriminated between the two groups.
Application of NIR spectroscopy to measurement of hemodynamic signals accompanying stimulated saliva secretion was demonstrated by Sato et al. [17]. That study
aimed to explore the feasibility of indirect measurement of human saliva secretion
in response to taste stimuli for potential application to organoleptic testing. NIR
spectroscopy was used to monitor extracranial hemodynamics, through Hb signals
around the temples, of healthy participants upon application of taste stimuli. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to provide reference. Statistical
analysis indicated that the Hb response and saliva volume are greater upon giving
sucrose solution than distilled water to the test group. It was concluded that NIR
C. W. Huck
NIR spectroscopy and BOLD-fMRI recording during functional brain activation in
patients. Noteworthy, NIR spectroscopy delivered good diagnostic performances
in the cases, in which BOLD-fMRI performed poorly. It was, therefore, concluded
that a combined use of both techniques could lead to a higher level of accuracy in
the functional imaging of diseased brains [13].
Kasemsumran et al. performed a series of investigations of the analytical capability of NIR spectroscopy in the analysis of human serum albumin (HSA), γ -globulin
and glucose for the needs of biomedical purposes. These studies demonstrated the
potential for simultaneous determination of HSA, γ -globulin, and glucose by NIR
spectroscopy in a model phosphate buffer solution and in a control serum solution
that represents a complicated biological fluid [14, 15]. In the study using phosphate
buffer solution, five levels of full factorial design were used to prepare a sample set
consisting of 125 samples of three component mixtures with various concentrations
and examined at 37 °C. The spectral dataset was analyzed using moving-window
partial least squares regression (MW-PLSR), which determined the spectral ranges
of 4648–4323, 4647–4255 and 4912–4304 cm
−1 as the most informative and correlated with the content of the targeted molecules (Fig. 19.5) [14]. Subsequently, the
analysis of HSA, γ -globulin and glucose in a more complex matrix, the control
serum solution, was attempted using an evolutionary chemometric method, searching
combination moving window partial least squares (SCMW-PLS). In that study, the
control serum IIB (CS IIB) solutions with various concentrations were prepared,
and NIR spectroscopy supported by SCMW-PLS was able to successfully determine
simultaneously the concentrations of HSA, γ -globulin and glucose in a complex
biological fluid [14].
19.5 Saliva Analysis
A diagnostic method based on NIR spectroscopy has been proposed by
Murayama et al. for oral cancer detection from one drop of saliva without any
specific diagnosis marker [16]. In that study, the NIR spectra of one drop of saliva
were measured using a capillary tube method. Principal component analysis with
the second and third factors calculated with the second-derivative NIR spectra clearly
discriminated between the two groups.
Application of NIR spectroscopy to measurement of hemodynamic signals accompanying stimulated saliva secretion was demonstrated by Sato et al. [17]. That study
aimed to explore the feasibility of indirect measurement of human saliva secretion
in response to taste stimuli for potential application to organoleptic testing. NIR
spectroscopy was used to monitor extracranial hemodynamics, through Hb signals
around the temples, of healthy participants upon application of taste stimuli. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to provide reference. Statistical
analysis indicated that the Hb response and saliva volume are greater upon giving
sucrose solution than distilled water to the test group. It was concluded that NIR