Chapter 10
Hardware of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Tsutomu Okura
Abstract The hardware of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is almost the same as
UV-VIS and infrared spectrometer except the wavelength area. However, the high
SN ratio and stability of the instruments are required for a quantitative analysis
by NIR spectroscopy, because of the smooth and dull absorption peaks of the NIR
spectral shapes. These are realized by the hardware and computer technologies and
are special features of the hardware of NIR spectroscopy. It is important to understand
what they are when you use or design a near-infrared spectrometer. These aspects of
the technologies are described. Instrumental difference also is an important problem
in NIR spectroscopy where a calibration is used to predict contents of the matter. In
this Chapter, not only the method to avoid the instrumental difference, but also the
sources of the instrumental are described. To decrease the instrumental difference, it
is crucial to understand why and how the instrumental difference is generated. The
information described in this chapter will help you design a new NIR instrument,
and a designing process with less effort is also described.
Keywords 1/f noise · Grating · Spectrometer · Hadamard · Instrumental
difference
10.1 Noise Reduction Technology of the NIR Spectrometer
Karl Norris successfully evaluated agricultural products using near-infrared (NIR)
spectroscopy around 1970 [1]. Near-infrared absorption was first discovered by
Abney and Festing in 1881. However, it took 100 years to develop practical NIR
applications.
It is said that the electronics and computer technologies played an important role
in Karl Norris’ success. However, it actually was a fight against the noise in the
spectra.
T. Okura (B)
Soma Optics, Ltd., 23-6 Hirai, Hinode-Machi, Nishitama-Gun, 190-0182 Tokyo, Japan
e-mail: tokura@somaopt.co.jp
URL: http://www.somaopt.co.jp
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
Y. Ozaki et al. (eds.), Near-Infrared Spectroscopy,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8648-4_10
235
Hardware of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Tsutomu Okura
Abstract The hardware of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is almost the same as
UV-VIS and infrared spectrometer except the wavelength area. However, the high
SN ratio and stability of the instruments are required for a quantitative analysis
by NIR spectroscopy, because of the smooth and dull absorption peaks of the NIR
spectral shapes. These are realized by the hardware and computer technologies and
are special features of the hardware of NIR spectroscopy. It is important to understand
what they are when you use or design a near-infrared spectrometer. These aspects of
the technologies are described. Instrumental difference also is an important problem
in NIR spectroscopy where a calibration is used to predict contents of the matter. In
this Chapter, not only the method to avoid the instrumental difference, but also the
sources of the instrumental are described. To decrease the instrumental difference, it
is crucial to understand why and how the instrumental difference is generated. The
information described in this chapter will help you design a new NIR instrument,
and a designing process with less effort is also described.
Keywords 1/f noise · Grating · Spectrometer · Hadamard · Instrumental
difference
10.1 Noise Reduction Technology of the NIR Spectrometer
Karl Norris successfully evaluated agricultural products using near-infrared (NIR)
spectroscopy around 1970 [1]. Near-infrared absorption was first discovered by
Abney and Festing in 1881. However, it took 100 years to develop practical NIR
applications.
It is said that the electronics and computer technologies played an important role
in Karl Norris’ success. However, it actually was a fight against the noise in the
spectra.
T. Okura (B)
Soma Optics, Ltd., 23-6 Hirai, Hinode-Machi, Nishitama-Gun, 190-0182 Tokyo, Japan
e-mail: tokura@somaopt.co.jp
URL: http://www.somaopt.co.jp
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
Y. Ozaki et al. (eds.), Near-Infrared Spectroscopy,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8648-4_10
235