370
5 Laser Specklometer, Speckle-Optical Diagnostics and Laser …
of spine osteochondrosis development and accompanying it neurological manifestations is malfunction of microcirculation reactions. Vegetovascular malfunctions lead
to pathophysiological and metabolic changes in tissues that can lead to dystrophic
malfunctions if accompanied by realizing factors. That is why estimation of tissue
microdynamic state is important in diagnostics of vertebragenous as well as other
diseases of peripheral nervous system.
In spite of the fact that the study of cutaneous blood flow is a rather new school,
there are a lot of methods of its registration [73–77]. But small informativity and laboriousness make it difficult for implementation in practical medicine that is why development of new noninvasive informative methods of cutaneous microhemodynamic
determination stays an urgent task.
The theoretical basis of research methods of cutaneous blood flow can be found
in works by Asakura [71, 72], and its practical realization—in the works [73, 78,
79]. The study of the author and the workers of his research group of the Institute
of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Physiotherapy of the Ministry of Health of the
Republic of Belarus is of the greatest interest due to visualization of the examples
and fundamentality of the approach [80–82].
It is also mentioned that three physiological parameters are used to describe microcirculation: physical movement, heat transport and oxygen content [66, 83]. Density
of blood cells, which influences the heat transport, can be estimated according to
average intensity of scattered and absorbed light, which is the subject of study of
photoplethysmography [66].
Speckle-optics studies physical movement due to fluctuation spectra mostly,
though the value of non-normalized spectrum at zero frequency is the average energy
of scattered radiation [84]. In many studies, which are mostly connected with laser
Doppler anemometry, it is assumed that cells move, and other tissues remain stable
[85]. Thus, temporal change of speckles reflects the average velocity of erythrocyte
movement.
But as the measurements have shown, if blood cells are isolated from the process
of dispersion, for example, by putting adhesive tape on the part of the body under
study, then qualitative dynamics of speckles will not change itself [82]. The point is
that even motionless tissue constantly makes little involuntary movements because
of contractions of separate muscle fibers near the area under study, activity of whole
muscular groups (e.g., of the heart), pulsing transmission of blood in arteries and a
number of other reasons. This movement is so significant that according to estimations of authors’ works [69, 86], input into the total spectrum of light scattered on
moving blood cells is 10%. Though this number is much greater than the part of light
in backscattering, impact of shifts of the body is prevalent.
Despite such a complicated superposition of these processes and formed by them
speckle-structures, a number of works were made connected with studying blood
flow using dynamic speckle effect [73, 74].
Interpretation of measurement results is the most complicated question in speckleoptical measurements. Almost nobody of the authors calculated the average velocity
of erythrocytes according to speckles. Speckles themselves have great variability, and
5 Laser Specklometer, Speckle-Optical Diagnostics and Laser …
of spine osteochondrosis development and accompanying it neurological manifestations is malfunction of microcirculation reactions. Vegetovascular malfunctions lead
to pathophysiological and metabolic changes in tissues that can lead to dystrophic
malfunctions if accompanied by realizing factors. That is why estimation of tissue
microdynamic state is important in diagnostics of vertebragenous as well as other
diseases of peripheral nervous system.
In spite of the fact that the study of cutaneous blood flow is a rather new school,
there are a lot of methods of its registration [73–77]. But small informativity and laboriousness make it difficult for implementation in practical medicine that is why development of new noninvasive informative methods of cutaneous microhemodynamic
determination stays an urgent task.
The theoretical basis of research methods of cutaneous blood flow can be found
in works by Asakura [71, 72], and its practical realization—in the works [73, 78,
79]. The study of the author and the workers of his research group of the Institute
of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Physiotherapy of the Ministry of Health of the
Republic of Belarus is of the greatest interest due to visualization of the examples
and fundamentality of the approach [80–82].
It is also mentioned that three physiological parameters are used to describe microcirculation: physical movement, heat transport and oxygen content [66, 83]. Density
of blood cells, which influences the heat transport, can be estimated according to
average intensity of scattered and absorbed light, which is the subject of study of
photoplethysmography [66].
Speckle-optics studies physical movement due to fluctuation spectra mostly,
though the value of non-normalized spectrum at zero frequency is the average energy
of scattered radiation [84]. In many studies, which are mostly connected with laser
Doppler anemometry, it is assumed that cells move, and other tissues remain stable
[85]. Thus, temporal change of speckles reflects the average velocity of erythrocyte
movement.
But as the measurements have shown, if blood cells are isolated from the process
of dispersion, for example, by putting adhesive tape on the part of the body under
study, then qualitative dynamics of speckles will not change itself [82]. The point is
that even motionless tissue constantly makes little involuntary movements because
of contractions of separate muscle fibers near the area under study, activity of whole
muscular groups (e.g., of the heart), pulsing transmission of blood in arteries and a
number of other reasons. This movement is so significant that according to estimations of authors’ works [69, 86], input into the total spectrum of light scattered on
moving blood cells is 10%. Though this number is much greater than the part of light
in backscattering, impact of shifts of the body is prevalent.
Despite such a complicated superposition of these processes and formed by them
speckle-structures, a number of works were made connected with studying blood
flow using dynamic speckle effect [73, 74].
Interpretation of measurement results is the most complicated question in speckleoptical measurements. Almost nobody of the authors calculated the average velocity
of erythrocytes according to speckles. Speckles themselves have great variability, and