368
5 Laser Specklometer, Speckle-Optical Diagnostics and Laser …
functional states [56], as well as spectrometric methods of quantitative assessment
of oxyhemoglobin concentration in cutaneous blood flow [57, 58], etc., have shown
that with their help a new useful information about structure and functional state of
living organisms can be obtained.
The coefficients of translational diffusion of biological macromolecules were
first measured by the authors of the work [59]. Chloroplast mobility was determined
through calculation of lifetime of dynamic speckles in different wavelengths. The
mobility was 0.1–4 μm/s [60]. A number of works are dedicated to the determination
of migration velocities of cell structures [61, 62]. T.I. Show, D. E. Newby adapted
intensity correlation methods to the study of nerve tissues [63]. They observed considerable growth of intensity fluctuations of the scattered light while adding potassium ions. It was assumed that dispersion occurs on synaptic vesicles in ganglia
mostly, which can move if nerve endings are depolarized. The same phenomenon
was observed by R. W. Piddington [64] during current stimulation and the effect
lessened by adding “nerve poison.” Dynamic speckle-fields are also used for the
study of microstimulation [65] and blood filling [66].
The analysis of the literature shows that on the one hand, studying intensity correlations becomes a standard laboratory method of measurement [48, 59,
67, 71] for determination of constant time of diffusion and average velocities in
stationary systems of uniformly distributed simple-formed particles. On the other
hand, great improvements of both theory and experimental equipment are required
while studying correlation processes of specially shaped particles and other more
complex systems.
In medical–biological study of comprehensive systems, great attention is given to
spatial characteristics of the process that can be proved by success in tomography,
thermography, NMR field forming.
The study, which was made on living tissues by other authors and us on isolated
preparations [37, 39, 52, 68], shows the possibility of obtaining biotissues’ deformation maps. The last work [69] gives rather encouraging results for optical diagnostics
due to its non-damaging character and contactlessness. In this work, the correlation
between chest deformation fields during functioning and heart diseases is established.
Complex biological systems (epithelial tissues and nerve trunks) scatter laser
radiation rather heavily and cause forming of the developed speckle-structure, which
can be used for studying parameters of these systems as well. Low requirements
to vibroprotection in comparison with holographic interferometry, simple optical
schemes and available equipment give hope that speckle-optical methods will become
a new step in the development of research and diagnostic methods. Meanwhile,
not only amplitude, half-width and shift of peak of correlation function of speckle
intensity have informational value, as it was shown earlier, but also its derivatives.
An important role is played by the second derivative of intensity correlation function
in the recently developed speckle-counting method [70], which has a number of
analogs [71, 72].
The researches of deformation fields of superficial tissues are of great practical
and scientific interest in studying activity of neuromuscular system. Such a research
gives the possibility to obtain detailed information about muscle contraction on great
5 Laser Specklometer, Speckle-Optical Diagnostics and Laser …
functional states [56], as well as spectrometric methods of quantitative assessment
of oxyhemoglobin concentration in cutaneous blood flow [57, 58], etc., have shown
that with their help a new useful information about structure and functional state of
living organisms can be obtained.
The coefficients of translational diffusion of biological macromolecules were
first measured by the authors of the work [59]. Chloroplast mobility was determined
through calculation of lifetime of dynamic speckles in different wavelengths. The
mobility was 0.1–4 μm/s [60]. A number of works are dedicated to the determination
of migration velocities of cell structures [61, 62]. T.I. Show, D. E. Newby adapted
intensity correlation methods to the study of nerve tissues [63]. They observed considerable growth of intensity fluctuations of the scattered light while adding potassium ions. It was assumed that dispersion occurs on synaptic vesicles in ganglia
mostly, which can move if nerve endings are depolarized. The same phenomenon
was observed by R. W. Piddington [64] during current stimulation and the effect
lessened by adding “nerve poison.” Dynamic speckle-fields are also used for the
study of microstimulation [65] and blood filling [66].
The analysis of the literature shows that on the one hand, studying intensity correlations becomes a standard laboratory method of measurement [48, 59,
67, 71] for determination of constant time of diffusion and average velocities in
stationary systems of uniformly distributed simple-formed particles. On the other
hand, great improvements of both theory and experimental equipment are required
while studying correlation processes of specially shaped particles and other more
complex systems.
In medical–biological study of comprehensive systems, great attention is given to
spatial characteristics of the process that can be proved by success in tomography,
thermography, NMR field forming.
The study, which was made on living tissues by other authors and us on isolated
preparations [37, 39, 52, 68], shows the possibility of obtaining biotissues’ deformation maps. The last work [69] gives rather encouraging results for optical diagnostics
due to its non-damaging character and contactlessness. In this work, the correlation
between chest deformation fields during functioning and heart diseases is established.
Complex biological systems (epithelial tissues and nerve trunks) scatter laser
radiation rather heavily and cause forming of the developed speckle-structure, which
can be used for studying parameters of these systems as well. Low requirements
to vibroprotection in comparison with holographic interferometry, simple optical
schemes and available equipment give hope that speckle-optical methods will become
a new step in the development of research and diagnostic methods. Meanwhile,
not only amplitude, half-width and shift of peak of correlation function of speckle
intensity have informational value, as it was shown earlier, but also its derivatives.
An important role is played by the second derivative of intensity correlation function
in the recently developed speckle-counting method [70], which has a number of
analogs [71, 72].
The researches of deformation fields of superficial tissues are of great practical
and scientific interest in studying activity of neuromuscular system. Such a research
gives the possibility to obtain detailed information about muscle contraction on great