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3 Holographic Interferometry for Studying …
of living objects. In particular, holograms of biological objects—swimming fish were
obtained with a pulse ruby laser. The usage of the cineholography method will make
it possible to accurately estimate 3D images of the object [225, 226, 230, 231].
With the help of 3D film images, it is possible to document and conduct a comparative qualitative analysis at different stages of such diseases as Parkinson’s disease,
Basedow’s disease, paralyses of facials parts, etc.
Ophthalmology takes a special place in the sphere of application of optical holography methods in medical diagnostics. The eye is an organ, for holographic registration of which it is enough to illuminate it from the outside, because the eye structures
are transparent for radiation of the optical range [232, 233]. Registration and study
of states of the eye bulb and the eye ground is very important for diagnostics of
pathological changes of the visual analyzer as well as for estimation of systemic
diseases: tumor, essential hypertension, atherosclerosis, blood and kidney diseases,
etc. [234, 235]. For example, information recorded in one hologram of eye-bulb
contents can eliminate the necessity of obtaining several hundreds of photographs
taken at different angles. High resolution of a hologram gives the possibility to
observe retina vessels with a diameter of ~10 μm.. And the theoretical resolution of
Zeiss’s cameras used for studying of the eye-ground is 19 μm.
The first holographic portrait of a living object was obtained in 1967 [236]. Then,
this experiment was also repeated in other laboratories [237–239] where mainly
powerful multistage amplification lasers were used.
The works [240–244] are dedicated to the application of the optical holography
method to tasks of endoscopic diagnostics.
Maximum permissible levels of radiation impose certain restrictions during holographic registration of the external and internal structures of a living object. Due to
this reason, during experimental survey special attention should be paid to tolerances
of the laser light impact on the living tissue [245–247].
Specific character of the living tissue sets a certain requirement to illuminating
units, which is predetermined by the maximum permissible level (MPL) of radiation
[236–239, 248, 249]. It consists of the following: The light directed to the registered
area should be diffused in a number of cases.
It is known that a lot of pathological formations differ from the surrounding
tissues by their biological structure, and therefore by their spectral characteristics
[250]. During experimental study, it is important to conduct a concerted choice of
the wavelength that will provide accurate separation of the structure of the pathological formations from the surrounding tissue and obtaining maximal contrast of the
interference pattern.
Before using laser radiation for diagnostics, it is necessary to ascertain tolerances
of the laser radiation impact on the organ of sight, skin and the mucous membrane
[245–248]. The works [251–253] are dedicated to the impact of laser radiation on
the skin. Usually, value of energetic illuminance of the object is taken as quantitative
measures of radiation impact on the medium. The energetic illuminance is expressed
in joules per square centimeter or in watts per square centimeter. MPL is established
for direct specular reflected laser radiation as well as for diffusely reflected laser
light. MPL for diffusely reflected radiation is determined through maximum allowed
3 Holographic Interferometry for Studying …
of living objects. In particular, holograms of biological objects—swimming fish were
obtained with a pulse ruby laser. The usage of the cineholography method will make
it possible to accurately estimate 3D images of the object [225, 226, 230, 231].
With the help of 3D film images, it is possible to document and conduct a comparative qualitative analysis at different stages of such diseases as Parkinson’s disease,
Basedow’s disease, paralyses of facials parts, etc.
Ophthalmology takes a special place in the sphere of application of optical holography methods in medical diagnostics. The eye is an organ, for holographic registration of which it is enough to illuminate it from the outside, because the eye structures
are transparent for radiation of the optical range [232, 233]. Registration and study
of states of the eye bulb and the eye ground is very important for diagnostics of
pathological changes of the visual analyzer as well as for estimation of systemic
diseases: tumor, essential hypertension, atherosclerosis, blood and kidney diseases,
etc. [234, 235]. For example, information recorded in one hologram of eye-bulb
contents can eliminate the necessity of obtaining several hundreds of photographs
taken at different angles. High resolution of a hologram gives the possibility to
observe retina vessels with a diameter of ~10 μm.. And the theoretical resolution of
Zeiss’s cameras used for studying of the eye-ground is 19 μm.
The first holographic portrait of a living object was obtained in 1967 [236]. Then,
this experiment was also repeated in other laboratories [237–239] where mainly
powerful multistage amplification lasers were used.
The works [240–244] are dedicated to the application of the optical holography
method to tasks of endoscopic diagnostics.
Maximum permissible levels of radiation impose certain restrictions during holographic registration of the external and internal structures of a living object. Due to
this reason, during experimental survey special attention should be paid to tolerances
of the laser light impact on the living tissue [245–247].
Specific character of the living tissue sets a certain requirement to illuminating
units, which is predetermined by the maximum permissible level (MPL) of radiation
[236–239, 248, 249]. It consists of the following: The light directed to the registered
area should be diffused in a number of cases.
It is known that a lot of pathological formations differ from the surrounding
tissues by their biological structure, and therefore by their spectral characteristics
[250]. During experimental study, it is important to conduct a concerted choice of
the wavelength that will provide accurate separation of the structure of the pathological formations from the surrounding tissue and obtaining maximal contrast of the
interference pattern.
Before using laser radiation for diagnostics, it is necessary to ascertain tolerances
of the laser radiation impact on the organ of sight, skin and the mucous membrane
[245–248]. The works [251–253] are dedicated to the impact of laser radiation on
the skin. Usually, value of energetic illuminance of the object is taken as quantitative
measures of radiation impact on the medium. The energetic illuminance is expressed
in joules per square centimeter or in watts per square centimeter. MPL is established
for direct specular reflected laser radiation as well as for diffusely reflected laser
light. MPL for diffusely reflected radiation is determined through maximum allowed