268
3 Holographic Interferometry for Studying …
registration to investigate measurements of the object states in a certain period of time.
From the physical point of view, all the biological objects are divided further into three
categories: fully reflective, including diffuse, fully transparent and semitransparent
(which can partially absorb, transmit and reflect light).
Observation of medical and biological objects has two main goals: Firstly, it is
recording of 3D-images including ones with the help of holograms; secondly, it
is registration and storage of great amounts of information. About ten thousands
of biological states can be written on a holographic plate of scaled-down sizes.
For instance, using such a method archives of medical pathologies can be made. To
control each of these states, which can be in particular cardiographic records of states
of heart and other organs, it is enough to change the inclination angle of the laser
beam in such a way that different points of the photoemulsion are illuminated. Thus,
great amounts of micro- and macro-preparations can be classified. At the same time,
this method is implemented not only for preventive analysis, but also for control
during therapy. In particular on the photofilm, there were recorded electrocardiograms of consequent stages of different myocardium situations. All this was checked
and classified by an expert committee (of specialists), and it gave the possibility of
comparison with every new electrocardiogram. In fact, automatic processing of an
image, which was analogous to a new one, was conducted that allowed finding out
the probable pathology automatically. Therefore, holography can be a very accurate
means for preventive examination of infraction processes.
Holography can also be used in the sphere of dentistry while studying materials for
dentures in order to have an idea, for example, about the impact of food temperature
on deformation of materials used for filling and protection of teeth or for creating a
model that gives the possibility to investigate the distribution of tension inside the
oral cavity (see Chap. 3, Sect. 3.2.1 [105–107, 109–120]).
Principally, the holography can be implemented for waves of any band. A hologram can be recorded in X-ray coherent radiation as well as in gamma rays. But today,
it is possible only in theory as holograms need coherent wave sources. Despite all
the world studies, X-ray laser was not created yet.
Another important sphere, which uses the holographic method, is cryobiology.
This is a science, which investigates perfect conditions for preservation of organs
for transplantation. Of course, it is connected with the problem of changes, which
can influence tissues during cooling and thermal reconstruction. Nowadays, cells of
blood, brain, cells for reproduction and cells of skin of internals are studied. As they
consist of a great amount of water, it is extremely important that the process must
not create deformations and damages remediless for the tissue. This study helped to
determine the perfect cooling speed −30° per minute. Water crystallization does not
cause damages in cells at such a speed of temperature lowering. Besides, the deep
study of the object gives the possibility, for example, to follow such phenomena as
cell separation or phagocytosis.
One of the main advantages of this technique is the possibility to record the needed
data very accurately without direct contact with the object under study.
Actually, there are myographic or electrical ways of analysis, which require direct
contact. Even simple pressure measuring or an electrocardiogram should be made
3 Holographic Interferometry for Studying …
registration to investigate measurements of the object states in a certain period of time.
From the physical point of view, all the biological objects are divided further into three
categories: fully reflective, including diffuse, fully transparent and semitransparent
(which can partially absorb, transmit and reflect light).
Observation of medical and biological objects has two main goals: Firstly, it is
recording of 3D-images including ones with the help of holograms; secondly, it
is registration and storage of great amounts of information. About ten thousands
of biological states can be written on a holographic plate of scaled-down sizes.
For instance, using such a method archives of medical pathologies can be made. To
control each of these states, which can be in particular cardiographic records of states
of heart and other organs, it is enough to change the inclination angle of the laser
beam in such a way that different points of the photoemulsion are illuminated. Thus,
great amounts of micro- and macro-preparations can be classified. At the same time,
this method is implemented not only for preventive analysis, but also for control
during therapy. In particular on the photofilm, there were recorded electrocardiograms of consequent stages of different myocardium situations. All this was checked
and classified by an expert committee (of specialists), and it gave the possibility of
comparison with every new electrocardiogram. In fact, automatic processing of an
image, which was analogous to a new one, was conducted that allowed finding out
the probable pathology automatically. Therefore, holography can be a very accurate
means for preventive examination of infraction processes.
Holography can also be used in the sphere of dentistry while studying materials for
dentures in order to have an idea, for example, about the impact of food temperature
on deformation of materials used for filling and protection of teeth or for creating a
model that gives the possibility to investigate the distribution of tension inside the
oral cavity (see Chap. 3, Sect. 3.2.1 [105–107, 109–120]).
Principally, the holography can be implemented for waves of any band. A hologram can be recorded in X-ray coherent radiation as well as in gamma rays. But today,
it is possible only in theory as holograms need coherent wave sources. Despite all
the world studies, X-ray laser was not created yet.
Another important sphere, which uses the holographic method, is cryobiology.
This is a science, which investigates perfect conditions for preservation of organs
for transplantation. Of course, it is connected with the problem of changes, which
can influence tissues during cooling and thermal reconstruction. Nowadays, cells of
blood, brain, cells for reproduction and cells of skin of internals are studied. As they
consist of a great amount of water, it is extremely important that the process must
not create deformations and damages remediless for the tissue. This study helped to
determine the perfect cooling speed −30° per minute. Water crystallization does not
cause damages in cells at such a speed of temperature lowering. Besides, the deep
study of the object gives the possibility, for example, to follow such phenomena as
cell separation or phagocytosis.
One of the main advantages of this technique is the possibility to record the needed
data very accurately without direct contact with the object under study.
Actually, there are myographic or electrical ways of analysis, which require direct
contact. Even simple pressure measuring or an electrocardiogram should be made